Perseverance found a smoking gun about organic material on planet Mars.

Organic material on planet Mars is an interesting thing. The organic material can mean life's building blocks, like amino acids. And that makes life possible. But before we say that we found life on Mars, the researchers must know exactly what they found. The organic material can come to Mars with meteorites quite a short time ago. It can travel to Mars with badly sterilized probes. 

Or it can travel from Earth. In theories the planet Mars was quite similar to Earth in its past. Then meteorite impacts throw its mantle into space. And maybe those cosmic catastrophes in the young solar system pushed Mars away from its original position. When we see films where some kind of dinosaurs flew in the Mars atmosphere, we can say that those things are overestimated. 

There were no dinosaurs on Mars. But it's possible. That primitive bacteria lived in the sea that covered the red planet a long time ago. Maybe those bacteria were some kind of cyanobacteria. But then meteorites and possibly one larger particle impact destroyed the planet's bright future. 

The images above. The image of possible bacteria fossils on meteorite Hills 84001. Below is the image of modern cyanobacteria on Earth. The chains look the same. But today there is consensus, that meteorite structures are abiotic. 

Exciting rock studied by Perseverance. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)

Cyanobacteria is the bacteria type that makes similar chains as researchers found in the Antarctic meteorite, whose origin is on planet Mars. Cyanobacteria also make similar structures that Perseverance found on Mars. That thing is an interesting detail in the series of cases, where researchers almost found bacteria on Mars. 

But are those structures that Persevenrance found some kind of bacteria remnants? Or are they formed for some other reasons? In some of the most exciting models, those bacteria are the last of the Martian ancient bacteria that were destroyed in the cosmic catastrophe. But the exciting thing is that: the five of those structures seem to be in line. 

Some kind of droplets or some beams make those structures, and that is one of the most interesting things in those structures. The thing is that if those structures are unique, that is also interesting. Can there be some space probes that are not sterilized as they should? 

https://scitechdaily.com/isotopic-analysis-reveals-origins-of-organic-matter-in-martian-sediments/

https://scitechdaily.com/lifes-origins-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-smoking-gun-in-organic-material/

https://www.space.com/33690-allen-hills-mars-meteorite-alien-life-20-years.html

https://www.space.com/mars-rover-perseverance-possible-biosignature-astrobiologist-interview

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria

Both appendices are direct quotes from: https://scitechdaily.com/lifes-origins-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-smoking-gun-in-organic-material/

Appendix 1)

Extra Info: The Famous Mars Meteorite

The discovery of organic sediments on Mars with a low ratio of carbon-13 completes the puzzle of empirical evidence for the photolysis theory, since researchers already found the other part of that puzzle years ago in the famous meteorite, Allan Hills 84001. The meteorite contains carbonate with a heightened concentration of heavy carbon 13 isotopes.

Discovered in Antarctica 40 years ago by Roberta Score, the meteorite is believed to originate from the Red Planet and became particularly well known because it contains some deposits that led NASA researchers to announce in 1996 that they believed they had found traces of microscopic fossils of bacteria from Mars.

Today, the consensus is that these deposits are abiotic — that is, stemming from non-biological processes.

Appendix 2) 

Extra Info: Mars, Earth, and Venus Had the Same Atmosphere

According to researchers, Earth had approximately the same atmosphere as our neighboring planets Mars and Venus billions of years ago.

When the early planets Venus, Earth, and Mars eventually formed solid surfaces, researchers believe they began to release large amounts of CO2 from extreme volcanic activity. That’s how they formed their first atmospheres with large concentrations of the gas. Oxygen had not yet become part of the atmosphere; this happened later on Earth, after the emergence of life.

The photolysis theory states that UV rays from the sun then start a chain of chemical reactions. A chain that starts with the breakdown of CO2 into carbon monoxide, which is the building block for a multitude of other chemical compounds.

Thus, with the help of the Sun, the foundation for the many carbon compounds and complex molecules we have today was formed — in the case of Earth, the foundation for life.

“Since then the fate of the three planets has been significantly different. Earth’s carbon dioxide reacted with our large amount of surface water and much of it deposited over time as carbonate rocks like limestone, leaving the atmosphere dominated by nitrogen, as we have today. Life arose, and microorganisms produced oxygen, which, among other things, created our ozone layer, while Mars and Venus still have very CO2-dominant atmospheres today,” explains Matthew Johnson.

Today, Venus has a very dense and toxic atmosphere primarily of CO2, which gives it a surface temperature of around 450 degrees Celsius.

On Mars, the atmosphere has become much thinner compared to Earth’s, and has left a desert landscape.

Both appendices are direct quotes from: https://scitechdaily.com/lifes-origins-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-smoking-gun-in-organic-material/

Can dark matter be some kind of Rydberg state?

"This artist’s concept shows a pulsar, which is like a lighthouse, as its light appears in regular pulses as it rotates. Pulsars are dense remnants of exploded stars, and are part of a class of objects called neutron stars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech" (ScitehDaily, Astronomers Detect Potential Dark Matter Objects in Space Using Pulsars)

Astronomers detect dark matter using neutron stars. But can we ever see dark matter itself? Weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs are a mystery. The thing that dark matter exists near centers of galaxies and black holes tells us that this thing follows the rule of the gravity. And because dark matter seems to pile up near gravitational centers tells us that the WIMPs should be real. 

In some models, the WIMP is an extremely large particle or particle group. That means the superstrings that form the whisk-looking structure are at a very long distance from each other. That means the internal structure of that material is so thin that energy travels straight throw it. The reflection that comes from those superstrings would be so weak, that we cannot see that reflection. 

The sombrero model can tell that the gravity effect of the WIMP is so powerful, that its energy hill cannot rise higher than the edge of a gravitational pothole. But there is also a model, that the WIMP is some Rydberg's state of atoms. 

Wikipedia says that The Rydberg atom means. "A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. " (Wikipedia, Rydberg atom). That means the electron between the electron shells is at a higher energy level than it should. The Rydberg state can also mean a situation that is seen in Bose-Einstein condensate. The most out electron shell can be very far away from the atom's nucleus. That makes the second far electron rise at a higher energy level than the most out an electron. 

"The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus, on average. Rydberg atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long decay periods and electron wavefunctions that approximate, under some conditions, classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei. The core electrons shield the outer electron from the electric field of the nucleus such that, from a distance, the electric potential looks identical to that experienced by the electron in a hydrogen atom. (Wikipedia, Rydberg Atom)

There is a theoretical possibility that the atom's nucleus can go out from its electron cloud. And that thing is one of the most theoretical things that can happen to an atom. And nobody saw a situation. Where the atom's nucleus orbits an electron cloud. But that extreme situation can be possible. 

What if the quarks in an atom's nucleus form a similar thing as Rydberg atoms? What if the distance of quarks can be very long? Can that thing make the WIMP possible? The WIMP means particle, that can interact only through the gravitation. 

But maybe it's possible. That Rydberg atom-type phenomenon can formed in some other subatomic structures than electrons. And the question is can Rydberg-state form between things like quarks? But those things are only the theories of what the WIMP can be. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/detect-dark-matter-collisionless/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-detect-potential-dark-matter-objects-in-space-using-pulsars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_atom

Maybe Perseverance-rover found signs of ancient life on Mars.

NASA says that maybe its Perseverance rover found signs of primitive life on Mars. There are lots of maybe's, and the fact is that nobody knows what that rover found. So, the rover found structures that seemed like ancient primitive bacteria. There are lots of theories that maybe a long time ago, planet Mars hosted primitive life. But the question is why remnants of those bacteria are not all around the red planet. 

The fact is that Perseverance didn't find active bacteria, but in two stones were structures that seemed like remnants of ancient bacteria. The thing is that this kind of thing is always interesting. And if those remnants are only those stones. That makes things even more interesting. That means that those remnants are from somewhere else. And could some very primitive bacteria travel from, for example, Earth to Mars? 

If those structures that Perseverance found are unique. That makes them interesting, even if they would not be ancient bacteria. Why at this point only is this type of mineral structure? What makes that mineral so unique? That is one of the most interesting questions on Mars research, even if there are no bacteria remnants in that stone.  

The active lifeforms on planet Mars would be a sensation, even if those bacteria were some procaryotes. That thing proves that bacteria can form also on other planets. But if those structures are local, and they exist only in one place, that tells that they can come from somewhere else than from Mars. And one possibility could be Earth. 

The ancient meteorites could throw water from oceans to the trajectory that takes those droplets to Mars. And that thing can explain why there are no bacteria remnants all over the planet. Another thing is that the planet Mars lost its shell at least twice. The comic bombardment in the young solar system could destroy all bacteria. Those meteorites could bring those bacteria remnants with them to Mars. 

Or, maybe they came to Red Planet with some space probe that was not sterilized. The fact is that if there are no similar structures in other places on Mars, that makes Percevenrance's discovery very interesting, even if those formations are not bacteria. 

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-scientists-find-intriguing-mars-rock

https://science.nasa.gov/resource/signs-of-ancient-life-on-mars-heres-what-we-see-in-this-intriguing-rock-shorts/

https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-says-it-found-possible-signs-life-mars-there-are-lot-maybes

.https://www.space.com/mars-rover-perseverance-possible-biosignature-astrobiologist-interview

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

Did somebody steal a revolutionary submarine in Antarctica?

The submarine "Ran" disappeared in Antarctica. "Ran" was one of the most modern autonomous underwater systems. The ability to make complex missions made Ran a very powerful tool. And many operators from private to governments want this kind of tool. 

The highly advanced submarine  "Ran" was a revolutionary robot submarine that brought information about climate change and ice glaciers. The submarine disappeared under the ice without a trace. The fact is this: Ran was full of electronics and computer programs that allowed it to operate independently under ice. 

That technology is suitable for other ROVs and undersea UAVs. So the question is, did somebody steal that submarine? The submarine was a revolutionary tool, the fully automatic, AI-controlled package that can operate under ice or in an environment where it is programmed. That means the Ran is suitable for recon and sabotage missions in its current form. 

"The autonomous underwater vehicle Ran was programmed to perform missions under the ice shelf. An advanced multibeam sonar was used to map the base of the ice at a distance of about 50 metres. Photo: Anna Wåhlin/Science Advances" (University of Gothenburg/ A whole new view on glacier melting in Antarctica)

 Above: Heading from ScitechDaily.com

The image above: "Ran" could operate independently in complex missions. 

The AI-driven submarine could operate in a more complex way than the old-fashioned AUVs. And that means there could be people, who want that submarine. The AUVs with highly advanced AI can follow the manned submarines, and cover their back. 

The AUVs can communicate with full-scale submarines. There is a lot of potential in those AUVs. And we must remember that the Russian Status-6  "Poseidon" is one of the AUVs. There are also conventional versions of that monster, equipped with a 50 mt. thermonuclear device. 

Those conventional AUVs can operate independently, and they can cut communication lines using manipulator arms or explosives. There can be both types of AUVs the kamikaze versions and systems that deliver torpedoes and underwater kamikaze drones. Some quadcopters can operate as well underwater- and airborne. The fact is that the Ran was full of technology. That was suitable for those systems. 

https://www.gu.se/en/news/a-whole-new-view-on-glacier-melting-in-antarctica

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a46694587/thwaites-glacier-submersible-missing/

.https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionary-submarine-discovers-ice-shelf-mysteries-then-disappears-without-a-trace/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle