Neutron stars and mountains generate gravitational waves.
The mountains of the neutron stars are less than milli- or micrometer class. But the neutron star is one of the densest objects in the universe.
That means even the smallest anomalies in their form have a bigger effect than around the smaller objects. The neutron star is a very homogenous object that consists of only neutrons or a neutron-quark structure where in the middle of it is some kind of quark liquid.
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Could the dark energy form when waves in elementary particles' quantum fields push the quantum field around them away?
Could the dark energy form when waves in elementary particles' quantum fields push the quantum field around them away? In that case, the quantum hills around the elementary particles interact like mountains on neutron stars.
There is a model that no particle in the universe is not perfectly slight. The stretch in the quantum field is a small energy wave. That means the energy wave in the elementary particle's quantum field is the thing that interacts with its environment like a neutron star's mountain interacts.
The small anomaly whose height is probably less than a micrometer conducts gravitational waves away from the neutron star's structure. So the energy wave in the elementary particle's quantum field could be an effect that causes the dark energy.
And there are stretches also in the shell of the elementary particles. Sometimes is introduced that when the elementary particles spin very fast, the stretches on it's quantum field push the outside quantum fields away. And that thing causes the effect called Dark Energy.
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Artist's depiction of a highly magnetize neutron star known as a magnetar. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger (Phys.org/Researchers: If neutron stars have mountains, they should generate gravitational waves)
And then neutron star's mountains can generate gravitational waves.
Researchers say that neutron star's mountains can generate gravitational waves. There is a possibility that neutron stars can be mountains and mountain areas. Those things' height is less than a millimeter. But they are acting as antennas that make anomalies or points with different strengths in neutron star gravitational waves.
The "mountain" on the neutron star conducts gravitational waves out from the neutron star's core. A fast-rotating neutron star turns that point in different directions. The neutron star's gravitational field is extremely dense. The thing that limits the height of the mountains is gravity. The neutron star is an extremely slight object, and even if one neutron is on the above others can cause visible interaction.
Also, mountains on Earth can act as those neutron star's mountains. And that means Earth can send gravitational waves that are far weaker than neutron star's gravitational waves.
Sometimes people ask why neutron stars are not deacy. Or why neutrons in neutron stars do not decay. The reason for that is energy that comes from outside the neutron star. A neutron star pulls material like plasma into it. And those ions and anions will travel to it's poles.
The neutron star itself is in a bubble. That sends radiation into it. The loss of energy is the thing that causes the neutron's death. When neutrons are in space they send photons. Whenever a neutron sends a photon, it loses its energy. And when enough energy is gone, the quantum field around the neutron cannot keep it in its form. And that causes decay. There are lots of neutrons in neutron stars, so if one of them decays that has no effect in a short period.
The thing is that strong gravity with weak nuclear interaction are things, that keep neutron stars in their form. The gravitational waves can form in mountains of those things. Or the strings between those neutrons are pushing quantum fields around that strange structure. And there is the possibility that that interaction forms gravitational waves.
Another thing is the fast rotation speed. The neutron star will dilate time because of outcoming energy, and a strong gravitational field. And also fast rotation speed slows time at a neutron star's shell. The outcoming energy causes a situation where the neutrons get new energy. And that denies their decay.
https://phys.org/news/2023-09-neutron-stars-mountains-generate-gravitational.html
