Protons and B-mesons challenge the Standard model.

"Quark and gluons inside a proton. Two up quarts, one down quark, gluons holding them together. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory." (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Are Protons?)

Proton: the particle that cannot decay. 

The thing that makes protons so interesting is that they cannot decay. Or nobody saw that protons can decay. The complex inner structure of a proton is the reason why it exists longer than a neutron. The energy can travel to those pockets when it travels down quark to two up quarks. And that shares energy flow into the larger area than in neutrons. In neutrons, two down quarks transmit energy into one up quark. 

That thing means that the up quark turns into the antenna that transmits energy into one point. And that energy breaks the shell of the neutron. The energy jumps from the quantum field between those three quarks and pushes them away. 

The proton involves a more complex structure that can pull more energy into it than a neutron that has only three quarks. There are also antimatter-matter particle pairs in neutrons. There is some other particle between those particle pairs. And that denies the annihilation. But if something pulls the quantum field fast enough out that makes space between those particles. 

Then those particle-antiparticle pairs could annihilate and that shockwave can destroy the proton. But as we know, nobody saw that happen. The fact is that the proton's internal structures expand when the proton expands. And that means the lifetime of the proton is very long. The proton is a particle that challenges the standard model. 

Another thing that can challenge the standard model is B-meson. 

Could there be some small, yet unknown hadron? Protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Their lifetime is different. The neutron decays in 15 seconds and the proton can last as long as the universe is. There is one interesting question: can hadrons form internal structures? Or can hadrons be inside other hadrons? The mesons are hadrons like protons and neutrons. 

"In particle physics, a meson is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark sub-particles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometre (10−15 m), which is about 0.6 times the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay into lighter mesons and ultimately into stable electrons, neutrinos, and photons. (Wikipedia, mesons)

"In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by a strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

Normal particles decay into the same particles. Or there is a certain cycle. Or some other dominating actor like spin or energy level determines how those particles decay. And their decay productions. 

W-bosons can decay to a lepton and antilepton (one of them charged and another neutral)[d] or to a quark and antiquark of complementary types (with opposite electric charges ⁠±+1/3 and ⁠∓+2/3⁠). Those bosons are the transmitters of the weak nuclear force. (Wikipedia, W, and Z bosons)

As the authors of a brand new paper, published in late November of 2024 in Physical Review Letters, note, all of the decays that involve B-mesons decaying to either:

two pions,

two kaons,

or one pion and one kaon,

(Big Think, How B-mesons are threatening to break the Standard Model)

Kaons and pions are hadrons as well as protons and neutrons. The main question is: do those hadrons (muon and pion) form after the decay of the B-meson? Or do the bonds inside the B-meson cut in different places during the decay process because of some asymmetry? But is that asymmetry in energy or materials? 

"B mesons are an important probe for exploring quantum chromodynamics. They consist of an antibottom quark paired with an up, down, or strange quark. B mesons decay via multiple pathways, several of which result in the production of π 𝜋 and K mesons. Measuring these rare branching fractions. Set limits on new particles." (https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142)

The problem is that B-meson is not an elementary particle. The non-elementary particle should decay through particles that form it So the problem is that there should be something wrong if the decay productions are always different. In the case of B-mesons, the decay is similar to W-boson decay. And that thing means. That the B-meson acts like an elementary particle. There are theories that it's possible. That the hadrons can form internal structures. 

The protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Hadrons are subatomic non-elementary particles. They act like elementary particles. There is a possibility, that some of those particles that we see as elementary are the hadron inside other hadron. And that means the standard model is the thing, that requires some actions like updating. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/will-protons-last-forever-why-scientists-are-searching-for-signs-of-decay/

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

https://scitechdaily.com/cracking-the-proton-code-unveiling-the-secrets-of-the-universes-building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/ghostly-neutrinos-provide-groundbreaking-new-way-to-investigate-the-structure-of-protons/

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-are-protons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#W_bosons_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Does the dark matter has a particle form at all?

Dark matter means the mystery gravitational effect. The thing that forms this effect can be the material. Which elementary particles have a different size than the elementary particles of visible material have. 

That thing means that the wave movement that those particles are sending has the wavelength that makes it invisible. Another version of dark matter is that thing has no particle form at all. That means dark matter is the wave movement called dark energy. 

Image 2 is the neutron. The gluons jump between quarks. Neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quarks and gluons. The image could portray a proton. Because it has a similar internal structure with a neutron. But the proton is formed by one down quark and two up quarks and gluons. 

The wavelength that those quantum tornadoes or rotating quantum channels are sending. Would be different than other particles sending. That thing makes the wave movement invisible. And maybe axions are hiding in those quantum tunnels. There is the possibility that there is a quantum vacuum in those tunnels. And that means outcoming energy pushes those quarks to one entirety. 

Image 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

The mass of hypothetical axion-particles could tell the form of the dark matter. The thing is that the cosmology is that the dark energy is one of the mysteries that can solve another mystery. The mysteries of the dark universe is the thing that can solve where the material came from. 

The name axion of that theoretical particle is coming to an idea that the form of that thing could be elongated. Theories are telling that material is formed in wave-particle duality. That was caused by the mysterious event called  Big Bang. The question about the Big Bang is interesting. Was that thing released only energy that impacted with wave movement that already exists? And that impact caused the wave-particle duality that formed the visible universe. 

The thing is that dark matter is the mysterious gravitational effect. That means that there is the possibility that dark matter has not necessarily have a particular form. The dark energy or a dark wave movement that affects some extremely small particles can cause mysterious gravitational effects. That wave movement can affect the gluons and make them heavier or put them to a higher energy level than they should. 

The form of Dark matter is interesting. And maybe quite soon the researchers can answer two questions.

1) Is dark matter similar material with the visible material? That means the dark matter could turn to wave movement and otherwise. But if dark energy is the same thing as dark matter. That means the dark energy could create the gravitational effect. 

So that means the dark matter would not necessarily have the particle form. The dark wave movement that affects the gluons or some superstrings could cause the mysterious gravitational effect called "dark matter". 

2) And can the dark matter form atoms or molecules? Like visible material? The galaxies where is no dark matter is an interesting detail. 

That tells that dark matter can form the structures like visible material. But are those dark matter structures some kind of clouds of nebulas formed of dark matter? Or is there some kind of more complicated structures that are formed of dark matter? 

The weakness in the Big Bang theory is that it doesn't answer where the thing that exploded came from? 

The Big Bang theory is always the solution for the origin of the material. But where did the material or wave movement  Big Bang released come from? The moment of the Big Bang is point zero in the universe's history. But what happened in the point minus one (-1)? 

There was something that released the material to the universe. Or is it so? If we think that dark matter is the dominating form of material. There is a possibility that the crossing wave movement turned the dark matter into visible material. 

So if the dark matter is similar material with the visible material. The answer for the Big Bang can cause because of the wave-particle duality. But getting acceptance of this theory dark matter should have a similar particle form with the visible material. 

There is the possibility that the wave-particle duality forms when the quantum fields of the particles will touch each other. That thing can cause quantum friction or quantum spark. That thing will turn the quantum field or the superstring that forms that quantum field turns to a roll or yarn ball-shaped structure.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Are the mysterious gravitons and dark matter the yet unknown states of well-known particles?

There is the possibility that dark energy is multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation which has many sources. Those sources can be Higgs bosons, free quarks, and gluons. The quantum channels or quantum tornadoes can also send radiation. 

Also, there is the possibility that the supermassive black holes are sending radiation whose wavelength is extremely low. Also, the mesons are sending some kind of radiation when they are splitting. 

When we are looking at the image of protons and neutrons. We can see also gluons. Gluons are transporter particles of a strong nuclear force. The gluons are traveling in the protons and neutrons between quarks. And behind those particles is the channel. When those subatomic particles are jumping between quarks. They are forming the vacuum behind them. But also those particles are sending the electromagnetic impact wave. 

That impact wave is similar to the pressure wall the objects send when they travel in the air. But the electromagnetic or quantum cone is made of electromagnetic wave movement or quantum field.

So the thing is that there is the possibility that the source of the dark energy is the dark matter. That term means that dark matter is the material whose only known interaction with material is gravitation. But there is the possibility that dark matter is the free quarks and gluons. When quarks and gluons are sending radiation the wavelength of that radiation is the same as the diameter of quarks and gluons. 

That means we have difficulties detecting that radiation. Also, short-living particles like Higgs bosons are sending radiation with their unique wavelength. That means that there is the possibility that dark matter is well-known, but maybe short-living particles. The thing is that the quantum channels behind the gluons are also sending wave movement. The reason why we cannot observe dark energy is that. We don't know what particle sends that wave movement. 

The same thing is the graviton. The mysterious hypothetical gravitation transporter particle. There is the possibility that it is some kind of gluon. Or maybe it's the so-called free gluon. Normally the gluons exist only in the protons and neutrons. 

There they transport the strong nuclear force. But there is the possibility that somewhere in the universe is free gluons. 

Things like Higgs bosons are sending wave movement during their short lifetime. When that particle is turning to wave movement the wave movement that it sends remains. 

There is another theory of the origin of dark energy. And that thing is that the origin of that mysterious wave movement is in the small "quantum vacuums". Those miniature WARP bubbles are pulling wave movement through it. Even those bubbles are smaller than electrons. 

They act like other low-energy areas. Energy travels always from the higher energy level to the lower energy level. 

The wave movement travels through those bubbles and hits the quantum field at the other side of that bubble. That impact sends the radiation. And that means there is possible that this kind of phenomenon can also form dark energy. The quantum-size black holes are also curving the wave movement. And that causes the energy flow. Also, things like supermassive black holes are sending the radiation which wavelength is the size of their event horizon. 

So how does this connected with dark energy? Here I repeat the words from the begin of this text. There is the possibility that dark energy is multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation which has many sources. 

Those sources can be Higgs bosons, free quarks, and gluons. The quantum channels or quantum tornadoes can also send radiation. Also, there is the possibility that the supermassive black holes are sending radiation whose wavelength is extremely low. Also, the mesons are sending some kind of radiation when they are splitting. 

Even if we don't know quark and gluon nebulas there is a possibility. That those nebulas are existing somewhere in the universe. Outside the supergroups of galaxies might be a state of matter that is existing only in extremely cold and stable conditions. There is the possibility. That there is a large mass of free quarks and gluons. If the distance of those particles is too high. That causes gluons cannot tie the quarks to one entirety. 

And that denies the forming of protons and neutrons. Maybe, those gluon and quark clouds exist only in the world where the disturbance and level of wave movement are minimal. And the distance of the particles is far higher than in our galaxy. Maybe James Webb-telescope gives answers for that kind of thing. 

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The dark matter and how to shrink objects in theoretical level

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/the-dark-matter-and-how-to-shrink.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/the-dark-matter-and-how-to-shrink.html