North Korean new submarine enters missile tests.

North Korean diesel-electric ballistic missile submarine (SSB) runs sea trials. (TWZ)

North Korean submarine uses technology. That was developed for Golf- and Hotel-class boats. Or those submarines look similar to those 1950s submarines. The base is in the “Romeo” class. But similar structures were installed on “Foxtrot” class submarines when the Soviets converted them into their first ballistic missile submarines. 

North Korea's new missile submarine appears to copy the old Soviet “Hotel” (Project 658) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and “Golf”(Project 629)-class diesel-electric ballistic missile submarines. (SSBs). That submarine carries missiles in the backside of its tower. So, North Korea may have copied those Cold War-era submarines for its navy. That means the new missile submarine bases its technology on what was developed for ballistic missile submarines in the late 1950s. 

In the Soviet era, the diesel-electric Golf-class SSB was the first Soviet navy SLBM-capable submarine. It used an SLBM (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile) and entered service in 1958. Its nuclear-powered variant. “Hotel” entered service in 1959.  Golf-class remained in service until 1990. And Hotel retired in 1991.  The “Golf”-class purpose was to test technology. The submarine-launched missiles were needed. 

The early missiles required the submarine to surface. But. Later, the underwater launch became possible. So. The “Hotel” class submarine was actually a nuclear-powered version of the Golf. Both. From outside. Those submarine classes were identical. Those submarines were based on the Foxtrot-class hull. That carried a larger tower. That involved three missile tubes.  And. If we look at propulsion, the “Hotel” was the nuclear-powered version of the Foxtrot. Maybe North Korea decided on Romeo as the hull for their Sinpo C (Romeo Mod) SLBM submarine. For some political reasons. 

Those submarines carried three missiles. Like the SS-N-4 “Sark”. The warhead yield was about 1-2 mt. The Golf SSQ variant was used as a command post. It’s possible. Those Golf-II-X submarines were used for larger-scale testing. Than reported. And for training purposes. This means that they were used for missile-launched drills. And maybe. Some missile prototypes were tested using those submarines. Those subs were quite often seen in the Baltic Sea. And that suggests they were used for crew training. 

In Project 629A or Golf-II submarines, the missile system changed to SS-N-5 (D-21). Its missiles are launched underwater. And in Project 619, one of those Golf-class submarines was modified to launch SS-N-20 “Sturgeon” (R-39) missiles. Those R-39 missiles were onboard. Typhoon-class submarines. 

In the 1990s, many of those subs were sold to North Korea. So, North Korea could copy technology from the Golf-class into its own subs. 

This means the North Korean missile submarine is an old-fashioned model. But it's scary in the hands of the North Korean government. This kind of weapon system can open a new path for North Korea to increase its operational capacity with nuclear weapons. There is also a very strong possibility that the North Korean military plans to make the nuclear-powered version of those submarines. If. Those submarines are built. 

Those new submarines would give Kim Jong-un a global strike capacity. The scary detail is that. One Russian ship carried nuclear reactors that fit into submarines, and then that ship sank in Gibraltar. That ship's name. It was Ursa Major. There is information that it carried nuclear reactors to North Korea. And. It's possible. That. Those reactors were meant for the North Korean submarines. If. Those submarines are ready. That gives ultimate power to blackmail the entire world. The types of those submarine-launched missile warheads are unknown. They can involve hypersonic gliders. But in the scariest scenarios, those weapons are cobalt-salted. The war in Ukraine opened up access to nuclear technology. Russian President Vladimir Putin assists. For. Those countries' nuclear programs. 



https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/10/unusual-submarine-likely-to-increase-threat-from-north-korea/



https://www.twz.com/news-features/north-koreas-hunchback-missile-submarine-makes-first-at-sea-appearance-for-missile-tests



https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/may/12/russian-ship-ursa-major-sank-spain-nuclear-reactors-north-korea



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot-class_submarine



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf-class_submarine



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel-class_submarine



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo-class_submarine



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-13_(missile)



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-21_(missile)



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-39_(missile)

Could there have been UFOs in Earth's orbit in the 1950s?

Aligned, Multiple-Transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey could be artificial objects. Or. They could also be some light reflections from ice. Or something like that. That phenomenon didn’t repeat. And that is one of the biggest problems with this kind of observation. So, were those things humanoids? That is an open question. But what else could those things be? Could we find an answer from nuclear tests, or maybe from some secretive space experiments? 

Could there be measurement errors in the Palomar observatory? 

The first observations about those events from the Palomar Sky Survey were in 1952. That means: Those objects at altitudes of about 30-100 km could have been delivered to space during some nuclear tests. The nuclear test series “Crossroads” (1946), Operation Sandstone (1948), “Operation Ranger” (1951, Operation Greenhouse (1951), “Operation Buster-Jangle” (1951), and “Operation Tumbler–Snapper” (1952). 

And especially “Operation Ivy” (1952) could throw those objects to space. Or. Suborbital trajectory. Especially high-yield nuclear tests: “Greenhouse George (250 kt.) and “Ivy Mike” (10 mt.) could throw water or some debris to very low orbit. So could those “Palomar Dots” be the ice. That escaped from some early nuclear tests. 

When. A high-yield nuclear detonator throws water and debris from the atoll where it detonated. Those. Stones and ice bits could orbit the Earth. And of course, the Trinity test could throw some debris into the upper atmosphere. When extremely hot vapor rises to above 18  kilometers, the steam freezes immediately. That was the altitude of the Hiroshima Bomb cloud. 

The Ivy Mike was the first full-scale thermonuclear explosive. The cloud rose to a much higher altitude than the Hiroshima bomb cloud. “The mushroom cloud rose to an altitude of 17 km (56,000 ft) in less than 90 seconds. One minute later it had reached 33 km (108,000 ft), before stabilizing at 41 km (135,000 ft) with the top eventually spreading out to a diameter of 161 km (100 mi) with a stem 32 km (20 mi) wide.” (Wikipedia, Ivy Mike). 

“Ivy Mike” mushroom cloud. 

In 1957, there were rumors. That some metal plates escaped. To high altitude. Or even to space during Operation Plumbbob. The test that " happened " there was a 300-ton Pascal B. There were many other tests, including 12 kt. “Boltzmann” that could launch measurement rockets to very high altitudes. 

So. Let’s forget humanoids. And start. To find the answer in the Nevada Desert or the Pacific proving ground. There were rumors that, during the Plumbbob test series. One. Of those tests. Pascal B pushed one metal plate into space. That rumor is disputed. Pascal B was a 300-ton safety test. It did not. Have enough power. To throw the metal plate into space. But the metal plate that Pascal B threw up was never found. But we must remember that Pascal B was a very weak nuclear explosion. There were more powerful nuclear tests. Even. In Operation Plumbbob. The Hood was a 74-kiloton test. 

Wikipedia describes the Pascal B test like this:  Pascal B was conducted on August 27, 1957. “Shaft safety experiment, failed. Sent the shaft cap weighing several hundred pounds (1 ton) at velocity very roughly pre-calculated as 66 km/s (41 mi/s); popular claims of it reaching space are disputed.” (Wikipedia, Operation Plumbbob)

It was the most powerful nuclear test. Ever made on the USA mainland. 

And. If. There was some metal plate. That escaped. That test could throw metal and stones into space. We must remember that. There were many nuclear tests. Before. Operation Plumbbob. And that means any of those nuclear tests could push small metal plates into high altitudes. 

“Project GENETRIX Balloon during launch.”  (Wikipedia, Project GENETRIX Balloon during launch)

The balloon is soft while it is released. When. It rises to the high atmosphere. It expands. And takes the ball shape. 

“William J. O'Sullivan at desk with folded subsatellite, 30-inch subsatellite, 12-foot subsatellite, and corner reflector.” (Wikipedia, Project Echo) 

The fact is that explosions that the U.S. military detonated in Nevada were very small in comparison with the Pacific nuclear tests. The size. Of the most powerful Pacific explosion was 15 mt. Many of those tests were more than 3 mt. That means. They could throw Things like water and metal debris into space.  Another. Fact is that the Soviets also made nuclear tests. 

This means that, if aligned, multiple transient events in the First Palomar Sky Survey are real. The Soviet nuclear tests could also throw them into space. If. They were in space at all. Those objects could be so-called high atmospheric targets. They could be ice bites. Or they could be some high-altitude balloons. And maybe. They could be part of a high-altitude balloon reconnaissance program called “Project Genetrix”. Those balloons collected data from the Soviet airspace using acoustic sensors. 

The high-altitude reconnaissance balloons in that mission were used to observe things like nuclear and chemical trails. At high altitude. Another thing. Those things could be remnants of some rocket experiments. There is also a small possibility that the U.S. military sent some satellite into orbit. Before the NACA (today NASA) sent the Explorer 1 satellite to orbit. President Kennedy denied that the military had no right to send anything into space. 

That means. All. Rockets that. The military sent must have had an empty upper stage. That denied them reaching orbit. The problem was simple. The reconnaissance satellite. That. The Soviet Union didn’t know about could uncover many Soviet secrets. The other thing was that. Failure. With Explorer 1. On a TV show 

It could mean the end of a responsible engineer's career. It’s possible. That. Some of those second stages were not empty. Those engineers needed training for the orbital operations. Nobody wanted to fail in front of TV cameras. 

There is a possibility.  That those systems traveled into space with so-called dummy cargo like water balloons. Or. Maybe those systems were Mylar balloons. Similar. With Echo-satellite. Those balloons could reflect radio waves. And if those balloons are filled with hydrogen. They could rise to the edge of the atmosphere. We must remember. Echo satellites. Those satellites were only Mylar balloons that transmitted important data from Soviet radar signals. 

There is also the possibility of using the Mylar balloons as an ASAT weapon. The ball is filled with hydrogen and oxygen. The structure could involve water or metal balls. When. Those balls are detonated. Water will be released. To the upper atmosphere, forming ice. In this model. The researchers hoped to create ice that drops. An aircraft or destroy a ballistic missile. That. Kind of experiment. It could be the thing behind those objects. 

Well, what those points in the film really were. We can never find out. We can deliver alien theories. Or maybe. There was something more usual. Could there be some errors in the film negative that Palomar used? That could be one explanation.   

https://bigthink.com/13-8/a-study-claimed-ufos-visited-earth-in-the-1950s-then-scientists-checked-the-math/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396668467_Aligned_Multiple-transient_Events_in_the_First_Palomar_Sky_Survey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligned,_Multiple-transient_Events_in_the_First_Palomar_Sky_Survey#Rejection_of_preprints_by_arXiv

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_George

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Echo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Genetrix

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossroads

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sandstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy

How far Nazis were in their nuclear program?

“Werner Heisenberg, a theoretical physics leader of the project; Paul Harteck, an experimental leader. Walter Bothe, a leader on the project's cyclotrons; uranium processing in Katanga, Belgian Congo; Vemork, the project's source of heavy waterLeipzig L-IV, an early nuclear experiment; also, mission soldiers dismantled the Haigerloch atomic pile” (Wikipedia, German nuclear program during World War II)

Germans had a nuclear reactor known as B8. Today, people say. Heisenberg underestimated. The mass of fissile material needed. But natural uranium is not enough.  Fissile material should have a high enough enrichment level. And. Its purity should be high enough. Those things are required for a self-sustaining nuclear reactor. I think that the Manhattan Project used pre-enriched uranium in its reactors. Germans used natural uranium. Without a prior enrichment process.  In that process. Raw uranium is separated from other ore. Then that raw uranium is combined into a liquid, as uranium hexafluoride. will be driven into another centrifugal system. The system must separate U-235 from U-238.  Nuclear-weapon plutonium is made by bombarding U-238 with neutrons.

We don’t know. If. Heisenberg knew about the enrichment levels and heavy water levels in April 1945.  When. He tried to start the reactor core. That attempt failed. There is a possibility that he was afraid that the Gestapo would shoot him. 

“In the spring of 1945, with Nazi Germany collapsing around them, German physicists lowered hundreds of small uranium cubes into a tank of heavy water inside a rock cellar in the town of Haigerloch.” (MSN.com/Nazi Germany was much farther from a working nuclear reactor (and a nuclear weapon) than Heisenberg claimed)

“The contraption, known as B8, was the final and most ambitious reactor experiment of Germany’s wartime nuclear program. It multiplied neutrons, but it never crossed the crucial threshold into a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. After the war, its lead designer, Werner Heisenberg (famous for proposing the uncertainty principle), portrayed the failure as a near miss, alluding to the fact that the Americans beat the Nazis to the nuclear bomb just slightly.”(MSN.com/Nazi Germany was much farther from a working nuclear reactor (and a nuclear weapon) than Heisenberg claimed)

“A new study suggests it was anything but.” (MSN.com/Nazi Germany was much farther from a working nuclear reactor (and a nuclear weapon) than Heisenberg claimed)

“Using surviving uranium cubes, recovered samples of heavy water, wartime industrial records and detailed computer simulations, researchers calculate that B8 would have needed roughly twice as much uranium and more than twice as much heavy water to become critical. Even if Germany had pooled virtually all the reactor materials available to its competing research groups, it still would not have worked.”(MSN.com/Nazi Germany was much farther from a working nuclear reactor (and a nuclear weapon) than Heisenberg claimed)

Production order. By Hitler was clear. All important workers and scientists who worked in German secret military projects were ordered to be shot by the SS so that their secrets would not fall into Allied hands. If. Heisenberg failed. Or if the SS thought that project was a failure. That was a death sentence. They knew too much. 

Then they needed systems to turn that plutonium into a weapon. Nazis planned to create nuclear weapons. Those weapons were Hitler's mad dream. The problem was not in technology. 

“A captured example of a Mistel trainer. United States Army personnel examined the aircraft.” (Wikipedia, Mistel)

“Ju 88H and Fw 190 combined to form a model 3B Mistel” (Wikipedia, Mistel)

“Me-262 Mistel”

“The second German pre-production Heinkel He 177A-02 Greif (DL+AQ) in flight.” (Wikipedia, Heinkel He 177 Greif)

“The Vemork plant at Norsk Hydro, Norway, after the war. The heavy water was produced in the front building, the Hydrogen Production Plant.” (Wikipedia, German nuclear program during World War II)

It was in raw materials. When Allied commandos attacked the Norsk Hydro heavy water plant in Norway in 1943, they destroyed the Heavy water line and electrolysis system. And in the follow-up operation. Much of the heavy water sank to the bottom of a lake. That happened. Because. The ferry. That transported the material was sunk by bombs. An agent was put in that ferry. 

Another Big problem was that. The graphite that the Germans had. It was not clean enough. It could. Be used to moderate that nuclear reaction. Germans made two tests there; they tried to start the core reactor. Heisenberg claimed that there was only a small amount of uranium. He said he could start the reaction. The fact is that. 

Heisenberg tried to replace the U-235 with natural uranium. He thought this would happen during the reactor core start-up tests. Or. Nuclear material in itself releases free neutrons. The number of those neutrons should be high.

So that they could maintain a self-sustaining reaction.  

This required that those neutrons could form enough Pu-239. But as we know, the nuclear material was too poor. It could not produce enough neutrons to sustain a chain reaction.  The uranium enrichment level was poor. 

So, every calculation for that project was made before the commando strike into Norsk Hydro. After that, the heavy water production ended. 

Other important raw materials were of poor quality. 

"An optimized reactor would have required about 3.1 metric tons of uranium and 3,121 liters of heavy water. B8 had only about 1.54 tons of uranium and 1,400 liters of heavy water. Even combining Germany’s estimated entire stocks would not have been enough." (Nazi Germany was much farther from a working nuclear reactor (and a nuclear weapon) than Heisenberg claimed)

This means that Heisenberg had theoretical technology. But. The problems were in enrichment processes. The separation process of the U-235 from U-238 is well known. But centrifugal separation is slower than Heisenberg expected. The Germans used weaker uranium ore. They expected. 

The Germans had carbon. But it involved too much boron. That made it useless. For. Nuclear reactor moderation. After the Norsk Hydro sabotage. The Germans couldn't create heavy water. There were theoretical plans. For. How to transport that weapon in London. One suggestion was. The He-117 "Greif" bomber. Or some jet aircraft. Equipped with an internal gun device.  Similar. That was used in the Little Boy bomb. That aircraft could be remotely controlled, flown to the target, and detonated. The system was called Super "Mistel". 

In April 1945, the reactor was ready for the first static test. The reactor couldn't start. Even. Though Heisenberg could start the core. And. Create the self-sustaining reaction. There was a long journey. To. The bomb. Germans could create only one or two bombs. And then they needed a carrier vehicle. But. That required. The nuclear material was rich enough. The system required electronic components.  

https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/race-bomb/

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/nazi-germany-was-much-farther-from-a-working-nuclear-reactor-and-a-nuclear-weapon-than-heisenberg-claimed/ar-AA2dhK7f?ocid=BingNewsSerp

https://www.sciencealert.com/startling-discovery-shows-how-close-nazi-germany-was-to-a-nuclear-program

https://www.trendingtopics.eu/nazi-germany-atomic-bomb-uranium-study/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_program_during_World_War_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigerloch_atomic_pile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_177_Greif

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage

https://medium.com/@mediuduck/how-far-nazis-were-in-their-nuclear-program-eef4c96c05fc