There is a mysterious carbon dioxide and peroxide in Pluto's Charon moon.

"Carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide have been detected on Charon through the James Webb Space Telescope. This breakthrough adds significant details to our understanding of the moon’s surface and its environmental processes. Credit: S. Protopapa/SwRI/NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/JHUAPL" (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Uncovers Carbon Dioxide and Peroxide on Pluto’s Moon Charon)
 

Pluto and its moon Charon are very far away from Earth. There is almost no sunlight. And the temperature on their surface is almost zero kelvin. The chemical reactions are thought to be impossible in that distant, strange world. But the signs of CO2 and peroxides show that there are some kind of chemical reactions in those distant worlds. When we think about those distant dwarf planets called "plutoids" we must realize that conditions around and on those dwarf planets are different than on Earth.

In distant worlds near the Kuiper belt, those dwarf planets can collect atmospheres around them. Most of the solar wind particles are ions and anions that the dwarf planet can trap around it. Those particles can form an ion whirl around those small objects. That ion whirl acts similar way as the ion whirl acts around black holes. It forms the ion generator that forms the magnetic field around plutoids. And even if that magnetic field is weaker than around Earth the reaction that forms a magnetic field around Quaoar forms a magnetic field around black holes.

The conditions around Pluto, Charon, and Quaoar are not similar. The reason why Quaoar has a ring system, but Pluto does not is the Charon's and Pluto'smutual gravity effect that denies ring formation. Quaoar is a lone dwarf planet and that means its clear gravity center in its environment. 

"Artist impress of Quaoar rings. Credit: Paris Observator" (ScitechDaily, Space Mystery: Unexpected New Ring System Discovered in Our Own Solar System)

The thing is that the gas layer or atmosphere around the low-gravity objects is not stable. Things like energy impulses from the Sun or outside the solar system or flyby the large asteroid or cosmic impact can strip that ion curtain from around the dwarf planet. And that's why all dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt don't have those thin atmospheres. 

Gas pressure around Pluto is <0,01 kPa, but that allows ions and anions to move freely. Ions and anions pull each other together even in low-pressure conditions. That thing can form CO2 and more complicated chemical compounds. 

The thin atmosphere that forms when those objects pull gas and ions around them remains because the solar wind will not blow those atoms and ions away.  The gas pressure is so low that it's hard to reach in the laboratory. That gas and ion layer forms a magnetic field around plutoids. And it causes things like ring systems around those objects. An example of those systems is the dwarf planet Quaoar which has a similar, but smaller ring system than Saturn. 

If those objects are closer to the Sun the solar wind blows them away. In those low-pressure conditions gas and ions are near the quantum condition. In that low-pressure condition ions and anions pull each other together. The weak sunlight gives them the energy to travel against each other. And if as an example the carbon ion faces an oxygen anion that thing can cause a chemical reaction that forms carbon dioxide. The reaction is similar to that on Earth. But some fewer ions and anions participate in it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-uncovers-carbon-dioxide-and-peroxide-on-plutos-moon-charon/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

The image of an atom's internal structure and form of gravity waves.

The first image of an atom's internal structure is published. That image might open the models for how things like gravity form when we think of the model where the gravity center pulls quantum fields into it. When quarks and gluons are spinning, that effect means that the spinning subatomic particles tie the quantum field into it. 

Then that energy field will travel to the spin axle. There it travels out from the particle. This means that the gravity center doesn't create gravity. It just ties the quantum field into its structure and possibly aims it away. The problem with this model is how to explain where the gravity center puts that energy, and the best guess is that it just aims that energy into the spin axle. 

Then we can go to think about the strongest gravity fields in the universe. The black hole and its event horizon are the things. That makes the so-called information paradox. The idea is that the black hole traps or freezes the information on the event horizon. But then the expansion of the black holes along with the gravity waves destroy that thing.  

When the black hole sends a gravity wave, it sends part of itself to the universe. Models suggest that the gravity wave's origin is just outside the event horizon.  Escaping gravity wave creates the lower energy area or quantum low-pressure area around the black hole. And that pulls energy out of it. 

"For the first time, quarks and gluons were used to describe properties of atomic nuclei, which until now had been explained by the existence of protons and neutrons. The temporary pair of correlated nucleons is highlighted in purple. Credit: IFJ PAN" (Phys.org, First coherent picture of an atomic nucleus made of quarks and gluons)

A gravity wave is a wave in the Higgs field, which is the base energy level in the universe. The thing like the superstring on the spinning particle acts like the hill or threshold that pushes energy to that wave. Gravity waves are like a ditch in the Higgs field. The higher energy point at the front of that lower energy area can explain the special feature of the gravity wave.

We can explain the gravity waves as a series of waves that have a very high frequency. If the bottom of those energy ditches is lower than the energy hill that ditch takes more energy than the hill can give to the particle. And that pulls the object to the gravity center. 

When we think about things like gravity waves and singularity we can say that the black hole's singularity is not perfectly smooth. There are little valleys and the fast-spinning object creates the lower energy areas at the points of those valleys. That means energy travels out from the singularity in those points. And that can cause a black hole oscillation or eruption, where it sends gravity waves. 

The gravity wave doesn't need singularity to form. The superstring. That is anchored just outside the event horizon can create the quantum pressure wave to the Higgs field. 

The thing is that gravity waves can also form when things like superstrings touch the gravity or Higgs field. The thing is that the black hole's gravity waves can form at the event horizon. The event horizon locks the superstrings around it. And when that structure spins it creates the waves to the Higgs field or whatever we want to call the minimum energy field in the universe. 

When we think about the atom's core and proton's and neutron's internal structure there are quarks and gluons. Gluons move between quarks, and that thing forms quantum channels between quarks and quarks and gluons. The gluons and spinning quarks pull energy out from those channels, forming a quantum vacuum that keeps those quarks and gluons as one entirety. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/black-hole-information-paradox-solved/

https://phys.org/news/2024-10-coherent-picture-atomic-nucleus-quarks.html#google_vignette

Dark matter and gravitons are the biggest mysteries in the universe.

 Dark matter and gravitons are the biggest mysteries in the universe. 

Could an extremely small primordial black hole that is smaller than gluon be the source of gravitational radiation and gravitational waves? 

If a graviton is an extremely small primordial black hole. That explains dark energy. The atom-size or smaller black holes can be stable. If they get enough energy. Those small black holes interact similar way as the larger black holes. And there are energy beams also in those small black hole's poles. The energy that leaves those poles could be the thing called dark energy. 

If those small black holes are between quarks and gluons they could send radiation into both particles. The pushing radiation that comes out from primordial black holes would impact into quark and gluon. There those particles will take that energy into their quantum field. 

When those quarks and gluons send radiation that they get from that primordial black hole back there is forming a channel where a larger energy beam covers smaller but higher energy beam. So that primordial back hole would be in the tunnel. Where it sends radiation into that quark and gluon. Because gluon is smaller than quark lots of radiation that comes from quarks travels through the gluon. 

Can dark matter made of gravitons? The answer is that nobody knows. The graviton is a hypothetical particle. That could be the link between the fourth- and the third dimension. 

The fourth dimension is the energy level where 3D material cannot interact with 4D material. So graviton could be the hole between energy levels or spaces. In some theories hypothetical graviton is an extremely small black hole, that brings energy from a higher dimension. 

A black hole is an object between 4D and 3D worlds. And graviton would be the extremely small black hole. But in some other models, the graviton could be a whirl- or spiral-looking gravitational field. So the graviton would be a virtual particle. 

The idea is this: a black hole pulls material and radiation in it. During that process, the black hole loads that material with a very high energy level. Then there is material that falls from the fourth dimension. And when those two materials are impacting the energy travels from higher energy material into lower energy particles. And that energy flow causes gravitational radiation. 

The thing is that dark matter will not probably form purely gravitons. But dark matter involves an element that makes gravitation interact also between visible and dark matter. So there could be gravitons also in dark matter. That gravitational interaction tells that there is something that causes the gravitational effect, but that thing doesn't interact in any other way. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-matter-gravitons/

https://scitechdaily.com/understanding-the-mysteries-of-the-cosmos-new-clues-to-dark-matter-from-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/primordial-black-holes-the-size-of-an-atom-what-new-experimental-evidence-suggests/