Mysteries of the world: atmosphere

Showing posts with label atmosphere. Show all posts

Monday, November 11, 2024

Gravity waves and whirls.

Above: Spiral Galaxy Messier-77

Do you know what connects gravitational waves and atmospheric gravity waves? And what connects galaxies and tropical storms? The galaxy or spiral galaxy is the whirl as well as a tropical storm. There is a structure that can cause the waves in the field. Or, there is a structure that touches the field and sends wave movement through it. The gravity wave that the tropical storm sends is molecular movement.

A gravitational wave travels in the Higgs field. The spiral galaxy is the whirl that mass center, the supermassive black hole forms around it. So, when researchers observe galaxies and quasars they get information on how the black hole forms whirls in extremely large conditions. And then they can try to adapt that model to the tropical storms.

The galaxy starts its life as a quasar. When a large interstellar nebula falls because of its gravity that thing forms a supermassive or medium-size black hole. The supermassive black hole forms the high-energy object by pulling material around it. That thing is the quasar. Then there is forming an elliptical galaxy, and finally a spiral galaxy. The large-size elliptic galaxies can form when two spiral galaxies collide.

"Artist’s impression of the LISA space mission. LISA’s findings may show dominant gravitational waves from white dwarfs, revealing more about star evolution outside our galaxy. Credit: ESA" (ScitechDaily, White Dwarfs Might Overpower Black Holes in LISA Mission, Researchers Warn)

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Difference between atmospheric gravity waves and real gravitational waves.

Sometimes people make the difference between gravity and gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are the wave movement that gravitational objects send through the universe. Gravity waves are wave movement between molecules in the atmosphere. But normally we can use gravity waves for both things. Below are some descriptions of those things.

Atmospheric Gravity Waves occur in Earth’s atmosphere and are generated when air is disturbed by events like storms, hurricanes, or terrain features (such as mountains). These waves propagate through the atmosphere, creating ripple effects as gravity works to restore balance, causing air to oscillate in wave-like patterns. They are part of meteorological and atmospheric studies because they influence weather patterns, air flow, and even space weather interactions within Earth’s upper atmosphere.

Gravitational Waves, on the other hand, are ripples in space-time itself, predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity and first directly detected in 2015. They are produced by massive cosmic events, such as black holes merging or neutron stars colliding, and propagate across the universe at the speed of light. Unlike atmospheric gravity waves, gravitational waves are not related to Earth’s atmosphere but are fundamental distortions in the fabric of space-time and are studied within the field of astrophysics.

(Scitechdaily, NASA Unveils Astonishing Gravity Waves Caused by Hurricane Helene)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_wave

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Above: The Chandra X-ray image is of the quasar PKS 1127-145, a highly luminous source of X-rays and visible light about 10 billion light-years from Earth. An enormous X-ray jet extends at least a million light-years from the quasar. (Wikipedia, Quasar)

When we look at images of the quasars we can see the material jet that comes from its black hole. That jet is the axle. That starts to rotate the gas nebula around it. That means there forms a hole or tunnel through the galaxy, and that tunnel acts as an axle that rotates the gas disk forming an elliptical galaxy.

In the same way, hurricanes or cyclones form around the tunnel that forms through the atmosphere. Sometimes there is a cloud that pulls air from above and below it. If those whirls rotate in the same direction they form the air statue that starts to create a whirl-looking cloud structure around it. The pressure difference between the top of the whirl and the bottom of the whirl makes the airflow that denies the side coming air from filling that whirl. It's a theoretical possibility that tornadoes form in the eye of the hurricane. That would increase its power to limits that we cannot even imagine.

Above: Tropical storm,

In galaxies, the tunnel or the whirl is the relativistic jet of a supermassive black hole. That high energy gas and material makes a similar, but larger scale effect as whirl makes around the tropic storms, called hurricanes.

But then we can look at the gravity waves that form in the gravity field or base energy field in the universe. Normally we see that the black holes and neutron stars that orbit each other send those waves. The thing is that also alone neutron stars and black holes send those gravitational waves. That makes physicists suspicious that there is some kind of similar structure in all particles.

The source of the gravity waves can be in the bonds or tunnels between or inside quarks. When those structures spin very fast they push the Higgs field. And that sends wave movement around them. Some part of energy will stored in the particles. When we think about gravity waves those things are like electromagnetic waves. Massive and supermassive objects can boost their strength. So, when a gravity wave travels through the universe and faces the other gravity center. Those gravity centers increase their power.

That means. The gravity centers like white dwarfs can focus those gravity waves into one point. And that gravitational maser emission increases the power of gravity waves.

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-unveils-astonishing-gravity-waves-caused-by-hurricane-helene/

https://scitechdaily.com/white-dwarfs-might-overpower-black-holes-in-lisa-mission-researchers-warn/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone

Wednesday, November 6, 2024

How dangerous asteroid is?

"Recent research led by the University of Maryland using the Zwicky Transient Facility telescope has revealed that the Taurid swarm, a stream of space debris from the comet Encke, poses less of a threat than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. " (ScitechDaily, How Dangerous Is the “Doomsday” Asteroid Swarm?)

Asteroid impacts are always dangerous. If the 10X10 m cosmic rock impacts the ground with the cosmic speed that can cause local damage. The local damage means that the city center can turn into a crater. And if a small asteroid hits the water, it can form a tsunami. The problem is that the small-size asteroids are detected at the last moment. The bigger, mountain-sie asteroids are easier to detect.

But turning those asteroids away from their course is hard because of their large size. When a large-size asteroid hits the ground or water it is dust and vapor to the atmosphere. The asteroid also turns the atmosphere very hot in its trajectory.

And if the angle of the incoming asteroid is low the friction raises the atmosphere's temperature in a long route. And that can cause even global forest fires. The steep trajectory makes it possible for the atmosphere to turn hotter in more limited areas. But the asteroid can fall to the bottom of the ocean. And make the hole to magma. That can cause a nuclear winter that can collapse our entire ecosystem.

The impact of asteroids destroyed dinosaurs That thing means that the asteroid impacts are dangerous things. If some asteroid comes to impact course to Earth. And falls to some major city that destroys the city.

However large groups of small meteorites or meteoroids could be dangerous. if a large number of quite small meteoroids that burn in the atmosphere impact Earth's atmosphere that thing can form a case, that those small particles can raise the atmosphere temperature. Theoretically, that kind of meteoroid fall can raise the Earth's atmosphere temperature so high, that things like forests start to burn. The meteoroids can be as devastating as larger asteroids. But the requirement is that there are lots of meteoroids.

https://scitechdaily.com/how-dangerous-is-the-doomsday-asteroid-swarm/

Friday, October 25, 2024

There is a mysterious carbon dioxide and peroxide in Pluto's Charon moon.

"Carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide have been detected on Charon through the James Webb Space Telescope. This breakthrough adds significant details to our understanding of the moon’s surface and its environmental processes. Credit: S. Protopapa/SwRI/NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/JHUAPL" (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Uncovers Carbon Dioxide and Peroxide on Pluto’s Moon Charon)

Pluto and its moon Charon are very far away from Earth. There is almost no sunlight. And the temperature on their surface is almost zero kelvin. The chemical reactions are thought to be impossible in that distant, strange world. But the signs of CO2 and peroxides show that there are some kind of chemical reactions in those distant worlds. When we think about those distant dwarf planets called "plutoids" we must realize that conditions around and on those dwarf planets are different than on Earth.

In distant worlds near the Kuiper belt, those dwarf planets can collect atmospheres around them. Most of the solar wind particles are ions and anions that the dwarf planet can trap around it. Those particles can form an ion whirl around those small objects. That ion whirl acts similar way as the ion whirl acts around black holes. It forms the ion generator that forms the magnetic field around plutoids. And even if that magnetic field is weaker than around Earth the reaction that forms a magnetic field around Quaoar forms a magnetic field around black holes.

The conditions around Pluto, Charon, and Quaoar are not similar. The reason why Quaoar has a ring system, but Pluto does not is the Charon's and Pluto'smutual gravity effect that denies ring formation. Quaoar is a lone dwarf planet and that means its clear gravity center in its environment.

"Artist impress of Quaoar rings. Credit: Paris Observator" (ScitechDaily, Space Mystery: Unexpected New Ring System Discovered in Our Own Solar System)

The thing is that the gas layer or atmosphere around the low-gravity objects is not stable. Things like energy impulses from the Sun or outside the solar system or flyby the large asteroid or cosmic impact can strip that ion curtain from around the dwarf planet. And that's why all dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt don't have those thin atmospheres.

Gas pressure around Pluto is <0,01 kPa, but that allows ions and anions to move freely. Ions and anions pull each other together even in low-pressure conditions. That thing can form CO2 and more complicated chemical compounds.

The thin atmosphere that forms when those objects pull gas and ions around them remains because the solar wind will not blow those atoms and ions away. The gas pressure is so low that it's hard to reach in the laboratory. That gas and ion layer forms a magnetic field around plutoids. And it causes things like ring systems around those objects. An example of those systems is the dwarf planet Quaoar which has a similar, but smaller ring system than Saturn.

If those objects are closer to the Sun the solar wind blows them away. In those low-pressure conditions gas and ions are near the quantum condition. In that low-pressure condition ions and anions pull each other together. The weak sunlight gives them the energy to travel against each other. And if as an example the carbon ion faces an oxygen anion that thing can cause a chemical reaction that forms carbon dioxide. The reaction is similar to that on Earth. But some fewer ions and anions participate in it.

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-uncovers-carbon-dioxide-and-peroxide-on-plutos-moon-charon/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

Saturday, July 7, 2018

The HAVOC-plan of the NASA

Picture I

http://kimmontaidearvioita.blogspot.com/p/the-havoc-plan-of-nasa.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

When we are thinking about the floating city in the atmosphere of some planets, we might think that this structure would need very much fuel or nuclear propulsion for floating above the clouds. That would not be necessarily true, even this city or giant spacecraft would stay in the atmosphere of some hostile planet.

Of course, the nuclear power and the turbines would keep the heavier than air-structure above the planet Venus, and the "heavier than air"-solution makes those systems very weird, but this kind of structure is safer than airships, but there is one problem. Staying in the atmosphere that system needs machine power and this kind of structures is no experiences before this program. The HAVOC (High Altitude Venus Operational Concept) could be heavier than air because this structure is not so sensitive for the winds, and that could make the thing safer, but the problem is that the motors of the device must operate all the time, but the leaks are less devastating than with airships.

Of course, the airship, what uses the structure, what is like cells is safer than the nowadays airships, and in that structure, the gas tank of the aircraft is filled with the small cells, what can be closed independently. That structure helps to minimize the gas leak from the airship. And the system is made with ultra-light carbon fiber or the artificial diamond layer, what can be the only couple of micrometers thick. This material can be welded together by using melted carbon fiber, what is also very hard material.

There would be the possibility to use the long capillary stick, what would suck the gas from the atmosphere thru it, and then this air would be turned down, what causes that this giant building might get enough rising force, that this structure would be in the atmosphere of the planet. Another structure of that floating system could be the parachute-type system, and under those parachutes would be conducted with the rising gas. Those parachutes will be floated this structure over the clouds. But this capillary system needs an extremely long tube, that the rising gas can raise the tens of tons system. The "cloud city" can fly to the target planet as the normal spacecraft, and then it can be parked in the atmosphere.

That kind of city or giant structure would be used as the investigation station for the planet Venus, but it kind if systems can be used at the bases in the atmosphere of the gas giants. In theory, it could allow making investigation layers, where the astronauts can walk like in some Sci-Fi movie, and collect the samples from the lower atmosphere. This kind of systems seems very interesting, but there will be some difficulties to make those things really working. The big structure is needed because in the Venus or other planets would be needed very much equipment, and the astronauts would also need little privacy sometimes.

https://sacd.larc.nasa.gov/smab/havoc/

Picture I

http://cdn.gospelherald.com/data/images/full/8738/nasa-venus-mission.jpg