Can black hole jets travel faster than light?

"The Chandra X-ray Observatory reveals the jet of Centaurus A, extending into the upper left corner of the image. Researchers have found new insights in the jet by focusing on the motion of the bright spots, or knots, within the jet. Credit: Used under a CC-BY 4.0 license from D. Bogensberger et al. Astrophys. J. (2024) DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad73a1" (ScitechDaily, Faster Than Light? How X-Rays Unravel Mysteries of Black Hole Jets)

Black hole jets are connected with the laws of physics. Normally, anything can travel faster than the speed of light. But there are two paradoxes. That can affect all particles and wave movement. 

The impact speed between particles and wave movement or impact speed with two particles can rise higher than the speed of light. That means the impact speed of two particles is the total speed of those impacting particles. The impact speed is simple to calculate. (The speed of particle 1+ the speed of particle 2).  

So, if the speed of particle 1 is 70% of the speed of light and the particle 2 speed is 70% of the speed of light. That makes the impact speed is 140% of the speed of light. The other version is this. The speed of light is higher in a vacuum than it is in air or water. That means when a particle with mass arrives into the atmosphere. It travels faster than the speed of light in the air. 

The other version is this. If an impacting field or radiation travels in the opposite direction than a particle that makes it possible that particle virtually crosses the speed of light. The impact speed with particle and field is higher than the speed of light. The WARP drive base is in the idea that the craft pulls electromagnetic fields or ions against the craft. And that raises the impact speed of the craft and field higher than the speed of light. 

Diagram of the Alcubierre WARP drive. 

The idea of the WARP drive is that the WARP system looks like a jet engine. When the system pulls a magnetic field into the WARP system, it forms an electromagnetic vacuum or EM low-pressure "shadow" at the front of the craft. The electromagnetic low pressure pulls the craft forward. The wave behind the craft pushes it forward. The difference in the bottom of the forward wave and the top of the following wave determines how fast energy travels through the craft. That energy is the thing that pushes craft forward. 

When a particle slows its speed it must transport its energy to the medium. We see that thing as a blue sky. In the same way, the nuclear reactor sends neutrons to water at a speed that is higher than the speed of light in water. 

When a neutron slows its speed. It sends blue light flashes because it must transfer its energy somewhere. And we see that effect as blue shine around the reactor. The name of that shine is Cherenkov radiation. 

"Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory" (Wikipedia, Cherenkov radiation)

The question is: can dark energy be some kind of Cherenkov radiation? 

Sometimes we can ask: can the X- or gamma-ray burst from the black hole travel faster than the speed of light? It's possible. Ahat gamma- and X-ray radiation pushes all material from its route. That means there is a cosmic void there is only high-energy radiation in the black hole's energy beam. That beam can create a tunnel. Where there are no disturbing electromagnetic fields or particles. 

That means there is no crossing electromagnetic fields. And there is no Hall effect. Even if we know the Hall effect as resistance that disturbs information in the electric wire. And we know the electromagnetic version of that effect.  

Maybe other fundamental forces (gravity and weak and strong nuclear forces or interactions) can have a similar effect. But nobody has seen the gravitational Hall effect yet.  

The electromagnetic tunnels or electromagnetic wormholes their radiation, or, wave movement traveling in one direction can make it possible for particles inside it can travel faster than the speed of light outside that beam. When that beam ends particle's speed decreases, and it sends an energy burst to the field around it. 

If that particle is some kind of gluon or small and very high-energy boson. It's possible that we cannot see that particle or its radiation. If radiation has extremely short or extremely long wavelengths and its pulse frequency is very high that makes it hard to see that particle or its radiation. In the case of a black hole radiation that comes out from a black hole or its material disk can cover those particles under their shine. 

The virtual crossing at the speed of light is also possible. That means the radiation. That comes out from the black hole impacts particles that fall into the event horizon. Radiation or wave movement is the last thing that can travel out from the black hole. That radiation can hit particles that fall to the event horizon. 

In the black hole's plasma layer ions and anions orbit the black hole along with free electrons and other particles. In that high-energy area particles with positive and negative polarity impact together. The high-energy area around black holes can involve things like long-term gluons and other bosons. Those particles can impact together. And they can send radiation whose wavelength is unknown. 

https://scitechdaily.com/faster-than-light-how-x-rays-unravel-mysteries-of-black-hole-jets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

Is the expansion of the universe faster than light?

  Is the expansion of the universe faster than light? 

The negative energy and it's relation with speed of light. 

Negative energy is energy that travels to the object. If all energy travels to the object it turns invisible. The reason for that is that observation requires reflection the particle sends radiation to the observer. 

So 

Positive energy is energy that travels out from an object. 

Negative energy is energy that travels to an object. 

The reason that makes negative energy interesting is this. The negative energy makes it possible that energy flow to the object can continue when its speed crosses the speed of light. 

If the particle's spin is fast enough it can form a channel or tunnel through it. In the case that wave movement travels through that tunnel the wave movement or superstrings may be pulling all energy through that particle's shell and then making it travel in one direction. This can cause a situation where the particle doesn't cause reflection sideways. The radiation that travels through the channel acts like a heat pump and makes particles invisible because it denies the reflection. And that thing is called negative energy. 

When we think possibility of traveling faster than light, we think of energy transfer. If energy transfer to an object can continue at a speed, higher than the photon's speed that allows faster-than-light travel. But we don't know any particle that is in so low energy level that energy transfer to the particle can continue after it reaches the speed of photons. 

The thing called negative energy could make it possible. That the object can travel faster than light. The term negative energy means energy that travels into the object. Positive energy means energy that travels out from an object. And that thing makes particles visible. The negative energy that travels to the particle makes the particle invisible. 

If 100 % of energy travels through a particle and then continues in another direction without reflection. That makes particles invisible. In some models, the particle with extremely high-speed spin can make the tunnel or channel through it. And that thing makes energy travel into that particle. 

If a superstring travels through that channel it pulls energy through the shell of the particle. That thing makes the negative energy flow into that particle. 

In some models, electromagnetism is formed when a magnetic field makes the channel through an object like a planet or neutron star. And then that standing tornado pulls radiowaves or other radiation or particles through it. And that thing causes the massive magnetic field around neutron stars. The acceleration channel forms. When neutrons form a tower in the middle of the neutron star. And accelerate radiation through it. 

That effect pulls energy and radiation from around the neutron star. And it acts like a heat pump. When radiation travels through that channel it forms a low-energy area in that tunnel. And the outcoming radiation must replace that energy. So it forms a pulling effect. 

That means it's possible that in the middle of singularity is a similar channel that aims gravitational radiation into one direction. So in this model when the energy level rises the object will create a magnetic field, and then a similar field of weak nuclear force. And then when the energy level rises high enough it will condense strong nuclear force and finally gravitational field to entirety. So gravitational field can look like a magnetic field but it's far denser. 

Why gravitation can pull materials to travel faster than the speed of light? That thing is possible behind a black hole's event horizon. When gravitation curves space and time it forms a pothole. Or the tunnel where quantum fields are pressing objects to smaller and smaller. And behind the event horizon, all objects travel at the same speed. 

If we think that the limits of the universe are two first photons that are left from the Big Bang, we can say that the universe expands with a speed that is two times the speed of light. That is the divergence rate of those two photons. Or is it so? The speed of those two photons is not the same as it could be. The gravitation pulls them backward. 

And that thing means the gravitation slows the speed of those two photons. That is called the "two-photon problem". If those two first photons travel at the front of the universe that gravitational effect slows the speed of those two photons. But gravity also pulls other particles. And that means those two photons have the top speed in that system. The reason for that is the photon's speed is always top. The reason for that is that the photon's energy level is precisely the same as its environment. 

But then we can think about cold dark matter and the speed of light. 

The shape of cold dark matter could cause a situation, where the energy flow to that cold material can continue after it reaches the speed of photons. If the energy level of cold dark matter is far lower than visible material and the energy level of photons is the highest possible in the visible universe. That could mean that the energy flow to cold dark matter can continue after it crosses the speed of photons. 

The thing that supports this model is that no other known particle can reach the speed of photons. The reason why that thing happens is that. The particle turns so small and its surface area turns so big that energy starts to flow out of the particle. 

There is a possibility that cold dark matter can travel faster than photons. The reason for that is energy could travel to cold dark matter. The reason why anything can travel faster than light in the regular universe is that the quantum fields push objects smaller when it is close to the speed of light. Then particle's surface area turns big relative to its size. 

And that causes a situation in which energy travels out from the particle in the critical moment. If cold dark matter is so-called quantum ice whose energy level is so low then energy always travels to it. That means there is a possibility that cold dark matter can avoid this situation and energy can travel in that material to the point where it reaches the speed of photons. If that energy transfer continues after that point, there is the possibility that cold dark matter could travel faster than photons. 

Photon denies crossing the speed of light.

The image above this text introduces the time from the Big Bang. But it could also introduce how a photon stuck at the front of a particle denies crossing the speed of light. When the particle's speed closes speed of light overheats. And energy is starting to travel out from particles. 

But the main problem is that there is a quantum vacuum behind the particle where the energy starts to move. When the speed of a particle increases that quantum vacuum turns deeper. And that thing increases the speed of energy flow. So that's why the accelerating particle needs more energy when it is close to the speed of light. 

There are also the whirls behind that object. Those whirls can from new material in the universe. 

The photon that is at the front of the particle or object forms the quantum entanglement with the particle. That is at the lower energy level. That means energy flows to that particle. The thing that denies crossing the speed of light is that the energy slides over the quantum field as it makes in stealth bombers. That incoming energy forms a quantum vacuum behind the particle that is closing the speed of light. And that quantum vacuum behind the particle is slowing its speed. 

So the energy flow that is impacting with particle should turn the particle to a higher energy level. But the problem is that it cannot store in that particle. When the particle is closing the speed of light its quantum field turns elongate. And that makes the quantum field acts like the stealth bomber's shape. 

The electromagnetic or quantum vacuum behind the particle slows it. 

Energy flows over that quantum field. And that thing causes the quantum vacuum behind the particle. The only place in the universe is the wormhole or black hole where all particles are traveling at the same speed. 

There is the possibility that if in that quantum channel or quantum vacuum is a transmitter the straight wave movement. That thing removes the quantum vacuum and the particle would fly with the same speed as photons. 

When we are thinking about the particle that is closing the speed of light. We can think that the doppler effect where the wave movement forms a thing that is like a wall. Doppler effect is one of the things. That denies the crossing speed of the light. 

The thing is that when we are thinking about the tachyon-photon-Higgs boson transformation chain we can think that when the spacecraft or some other particle will close to the speed of light the tachyon falls from the fourth dimension stays at the front of the particle. 

Then the photon would form the quantum entanglement with the doppler wall and the particles that are closing the speed of light. Because the photon's energy level is higher than the particle's energy level that thing pulls the particle back to the third dimension.  

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The fourth dimension is the energy level where material jumps out from the third dimension. 

Or otherwise saying the material loses its ability to interact with the third-dimensional particles. The reason for that is the difference between the energy level of those two particles turns too long. And they cannot interact with each other. 

The wave movement that the fourth-dimensional particle sends is at the too-high energy level. And it sends so high energy wave movement that the wave movement cannot interact. The frequency or wavelength of that radiation is almost straight or the waves are too close to each other that they cannot interact with regular material. That wavelength would be shorter than gamma-rays. And its energy level is far higher than the gamma-rays. 

********************************************************************

That thing means. The photon is between the particle, doppler-field, and tachyon. Transports energy from the fourth dimension to the third dimension. The energy travels to the lower energy level and that energy denies that the particles except photons cannot reach even the speed of light.

When a photon has trapped the front of the particle. Energy flows from the photon to the particle. The energy or wave movement travels over the quantum field. Back to the particle and causing an electromagnetic vacuum that is pulling the particle backward. So when the particle is closing at the speed of light. 

It cannot even reach the doppler wall because there is a photon between that wall and the particle. That doppler field will get its energy from the hypothetical tachyon particle. 

So when tachyon drops from the fourth dimension it must also travel through that doppler wall. So its energy level must turn low enough that it can fall through that doppler wave. And during that process, it turns into the Higgs boson. 

When the particle is closing the speed of light. There is the possibility. That at the front of it is stuck the photon. That photon can cause the speed of light cannot cross. But that thing is one of the most interesting things in the world. Because, if there is the possibility to transfer energy to that particle from sideways. Or the electromagnetic vacuum behind that particle is filled allowing crossing the speed of light. 

https://scitechdaily.com/images/Galaxy-HD1-in-Timeline-of-Universe-1536x768.jpg

https://miraclesofthequantumworld.blogspot.com/

The new double-stars can answer why ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) seems to be older than the universe?

   

The new double-stars can answer why ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) seems to be older than the universe?

How do some stars seem more distant than they are? The answer could be. That things like the gravitational effects of black holes and other objects are causing the situation. That light or photons would not travel all the time at the same speed. In this case, where backward coming gravitational effect repeats billions of times. During hundreds of billions of light-years that can cause measurement errors. 

The ELM (Extremely Low-Mass White Dwarfs) dwarfs cause a headache for physicists and astronomers. Because forming of those stars should require that universe should be elder. The ELM-dwarfs are causing the formation of the so-called "infinity theory" that all matter in the universe didn't take part in the Big Bang. 

In that theory, material existed before the Big Bang. But was it dark matter or visible material is not the answer. The thing is that ELM-stars. And some other stars that seem to be older than the universe are causing many theories. One of the reasons why some stars might look being older than they are. Is that the distance to those stars is estimated wrong. 

When physicists calculate the distance to the objects that are far away they maybe forget the effect of the gravitation. Gravitation affects the trajectory of photons. And also if the gravitation comes from backward that thing slows the photons. 

Maybe that thing has no meaning in the regular measurements.  But if the distance to the object is hundreds of billions of light-years. Even the weakest effects like planetary gravitational fields can cause errors in measurements if those errors repeat hundreds of millions of times and the distance to object is billions of light-years that thing affects measurements because light travels to Earth slower than it should.

The new type of double star also gives answers to the question. Why do ELM stars seem to be older than the universe?

When the material is traveling from the normal part of the binary star to the more massive object. It would also start to heat. During that process that material is sending radiation and there is also happens nuclear fusion. So the transfer of energy between stars is not one-way. Nuclear fusions happen also when material drops to the surface of white dwarfs. 

So the black holes are not only objects that send the high-energetic radiation. When the material is dropping to the surface of the white dwarf it turns thicker. Sooner or later the pressure and heat cause the explosion or nuclear reaction that sends the infrared radiation to the bigger object. 

That process turns the normal part of a binary star hotter than it should. And it can act differently than lone stars while it goes out from the main series. The smaller but heavier object is pulling material away from the star. And that decreases its mass. This kind of thing can cause. That massive star will lose so much mass that it turns to ELM. 

http://jjherm.es/research/elmwds.html

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-binary-star.html

https://www.space.com/how-can-a-star-be-older-than-the-universe.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram

Image: https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-binary-star.html

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The thoughts about dimensions

http://kimmontaidearvioita.blogspot.com/p/the-thoughts-about-dimensions.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The fourth dimension is the little bit difficult to explain to people because we cannot see it. We cannot imagine the fourth dimension, because nobody ever has visited there. When we are thinking about modeling that thing, we cannot make it in here. The reason for that is same as the modeling three dimension pictures in two dimension layer, and that's why every time when we want to make 3D pictures, we need hologram system, or we must make midget model for that object.


We know that the fourth dimension exists, and we can see the shadow of that space. When we are thinking about the shape of the fourth dimension, we might think that there would be intelligent species, what might be similar as we are. But this is only speculation. In some theories, the God is the thing, what lives in the fourth dimension. But this is only speculation. When we are thinking about the species, what lives in the fourth dimension, and think that species is similar as we are, we might face the situation, that the shape of that species is different than we have.


In the worst situation, we might destroy entire our universe, if we would try to open the wormhole to the fourth dimension. If that alien is made of antimatter, the explosion would destroy the even entire galaxy. There are rumors that those aliens have been visited in our universe, but that is only speculation. If those aliens, what are living in the fourth dimension would exist, the communication with them would be extremely difficult. The shape of the fourth dimension is like the room, what is separated from other space. We would see the wall of that room, but we can not get in there.


And some physics believe that the speed of light is the wall. Getting in the fourth dimension we must travel the speed, what would be breaking the speed of light. And the easiest way is to drive spaceship straight into the black hole. Or the spaceship itself would be turned to the black hole by pumping there the massive number of electrons. The mass of that spaceship would be rise high enough, that it slips in the fourth dimension, hat would take centuries by using nowadays technology, and that's why this trip would not be realistic in the near future.


Another way to break this cosmic speed limit is to build the huge spaceship, what travels the 99% speed of light. And then the massive gauss gun, or particle accelerator, what is connected to that spaceship would shoot the module by 50% of the speed of light. That would allow breaking the cosmic speed limit. But this is only speculation, and that kind of trip would be possible in the distant future.


 The last thing, what could be possible even with our own technology is to make small size transmitter by using nanotechnology and then accelerate that thing to the speed of light in the Hadron-type accelerator. Then we could send the message to the fourth dimension. In this case, that miniaturized transmitter, what travels inside the accelerator would act as the relay for those transmissions, what would first send to that probe, and then it would send the message to the fourth dimension.


But this would be extremely dangerous because if something goes wrong and the pea size device would impact the wall of the accelerator in the speed of light, would it cause the huge explosion, and destruction in large areas. And in the worst case entire Earth would be destroyed, if the electricity of control magnets would be cut. But this is only speculation, and in real life, we don't know are those aliens real and are those aliens kind or even interested of us. But this is a good way to spend time.

One of the weirdest particle in the universe: The quantum star

Picture 1

Kimmo Huosionmaa

In the universe is a star, so weird that it can almost make black holes look like boring. This star is so-called “grey hole” or quark star, what is the end of life of the star, what is too heavy to become the neutron star but too light to become a neutron star, when the nuclear reactions inside the star have been ended. In this star type the neutrons were crushed as the quarks, but the gravity is not strong enough to make the black hole. The photons can escape from this tiny piece surface, but the escaping speed is near the speed of the light, and that slows the photons very much.

This kind of star is smaller than the neutron star, and its gravity is more massive than neutron stars ever have. Those quark stars might look like small asteroids, and in some science fiction scenes, the spacecraft will make mistake and lands on that little star, what is mistakenly thought as the asteroid. The massive gravitation on that small star surface makes that object look like stoned, because the time on the surface of that object will slower, and there might be nuclear reactions on the quark stars surface.


Those reactions cause the reason for the gas and dust will fall in the surface of that star, and the massive gravitational field will start to press them down. And in this case, there will be high energy nuclear reactions on the surface of that star. In this scenario, the escaping speed from the surface of that star is 99% of speed of light, and in that case, those flares and things, what will happen on the surface of that piece looks like stoned, because the time will run slower on the surface of that star than in another universe.


The quark stars are the weirdest objects in the universe. And in some cases, that kind of star will get in the cosmic gas cloud, and then it will start symmetrically pull gas on its surface, and the result might be the blue giant, what is larger than our solar system. The pressure of the gas caused the massive gravity of the quark star, and that phenomenon will cause the massive energy production inside that massive star. The fallen material will grow the mass of quark star and sooner or later it will collapse as the black hole.

Sources: Picture 1 https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/nicer/quark.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/