Protons and B-mesons challenge the Standard model.

"Quark and gluons inside a proton. Two up quarts, one down quark, gluons holding them together. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory." (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Are Protons?)

Proton: the particle that cannot decay. 

The thing that makes protons so interesting is that they cannot decay. Or nobody saw that protons can decay. The complex inner structure of a proton is the reason why it exists longer than a neutron. The energy can travel to those pockets when it travels down quark to two up quarks. And that shares energy flow into the larger area than in neutrons. In neutrons, two down quarks transmit energy into one up quark. 

That thing means that the up quark turns into the antenna that transmits energy into one point. And that energy breaks the shell of the neutron. The energy jumps from the quantum field between those three quarks and pushes them away. 

The proton involves a more complex structure that can pull more energy into it than a neutron that has only three quarks. There are also antimatter-matter particle pairs in neutrons. There is some other particle between those particle pairs. And that denies the annihilation. But if something pulls the quantum field fast enough out that makes space between those particles. 

Then those particle-antiparticle pairs could annihilate and that shockwave can destroy the proton. But as we know, nobody saw that happen. The fact is that the proton's internal structures expand when the proton expands. And that means the lifetime of the proton is very long. The proton is a particle that challenges the standard model. 

Another thing that can challenge the standard model is B-meson. 

Could there be some small, yet unknown hadron? Protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Their lifetime is different. The neutron decays in 15 seconds and the proton can last as long as the universe is. There is one interesting question: can hadrons form internal structures? Or can hadrons be inside other hadrons? The mesons are hadrons like protons and neutrons. 

"In particle physics, a meson is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark sub-particles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometre (10−15 m), which is about 0.6 times the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay into lighter mesons and ultimately into stable electrons, neutrinos, and photons. (Wikipedia, mesons)

"In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by a strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

Normal particles decay into the same particles. Or there is a certain cycle. Or some other dominating actor like spin or energy level determines how those particles decay. And their decay productions. 

W-bosons can decay to a lepton and antilepton (one of them charged and another neutral)[d] or to a quark and antiquark of complementary types (with opposite electric charges ⁠±+1/3 and ⁠∓+2/3⁠). Those bosons are the transmitters of the weak nuclear force. (Wikipedia, W, and Z bosons)

As the authors of a brand new paper, published in late November of 2024 in Physical Review Letters, note, all of the decays that involve B-mesons decaying to either:

two pions,

two kaons,

or one pion and one kaon,

(Big Think, How B-mesons are threatening to break the Standard Model)

Kaons and pions are hadrons as well as protons and neutrons. The main question is: do those hadrons (muon and pion) form after the decay of the B-meson? Or do the bonds inside the B-meson cut in different places during the decay process because of some asymmetry? But is that asymmetry in energy or materials? 

"B mesons are an important probe for exploring quantum chromodynamics. They consist of an antibottom quark paired with an up, down, or strange quark. B mesons decay via multiple pathways, several of which result in the production of π 𝜋 and K mesons. Measuring these rare branching fractions. Set limits on new particles." (https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142)

The problem is that B-meson is not an elementary particle. The non-elementary particle should decay through particles that form it So the problem is that there should be something wrong if the decay productions are always different. In the case of B-mesons, the decay is similar to W-boson decay. And that thing means. That the B-meson acts like an elementary particle. There are theories that it's possible. That the hadrons can form internal structures. 

The protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Hadrons are subatomic non-elementary particles. They act like elementary particles. There is a possibility, that some of those particles that we see as elementary are the hadron inside other hadron. And that means the standard model is the thing, that requires some actions like updating. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/will-protons-last-forever-why-scientists-are-searching-for-signs-of-decay/

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

https://scitechdaily.com/cracking-the-proton-code-unveiling-the-secrets-of-the-universes-building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/ghostly-neutrinos-provide-groundbreaking-new-way-to-investigate-the-structure-of-protons/

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-are-protons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#W_bosons_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

First time neutrinos produced in LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

  First time neutrinos produced in LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

The world is waiting for the next big step in quantum information. That thing is the ability to produce and control neutrinos. Neutrinos or "grey photons" are mysterious particles that can travel through Earth without any contact with other particles. Neutrinos are hard to detect, but if some system can trap them and manipulate those particles, that thing can open a new route to the material. 

The neutrino is a particle whose interaction with its environment is very weak. The thing that makes neutrinos weakly interacting is the energy travels between neutrinos and their environment very slowly. That could mean that the spin of the neutrino is quite slow. In that model, energy flows through neutrino. 

So some researchers suggest that neutrino is the particle between photon and electron. 

The thing that makes the photon massless is that there is no energy flow between photons and their environment. If a particle's energy flow comes from a particle that thing means that the particle has a positive effect on its environment. The energy flows out from the particle. If energy travels to a particle that thing makes it invisible. That energy flow just pulls other smaller actors to that particle. 

In some models photons spin is so fast that quantum fields are not interacting with photons. Or between a photon and its environment is energy stability. So is there some particle with mass inside the thing that we call a photon? 

The theory about the particle with mass inside a photon is based on the idea that maybe we see only a quantum field that surrounds the photon. The quantum field that surrounds a photon could spin so fast around a photon that the energy levels between it and its environment are the same. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/its-official-for-the-first-time-neutrinos-have-been-detected-in-a-collider-experiment

How nano- and quantum technology, mathematics, and geometry are working together?

    How nano- and quantum technology, mathematics, and geometry are working together? 

Hofstadter's butterfly 

Researchers found Hoftadter's butterfly from the graphene. Hoftadter's butterfly is a butterfly-looking geometrical structure. Researchers can use that kind of structure to calculate the positions of the qubits. Or, sharper saying Hoftater's butterfly can be an effective tool for modeling the point where binary data transforms into the qubit. 

The area of Hofadter's butterfly can tell what is the right distance between the transmitter that transmits information into qubit. In that model, the qubit is multiple Hofstadter's butterflies that can transport information into the sensors. 

When energy hits to layer it can make Hofstadter's butterfly. The outside force can form that butterfly simultaneously if some force at corners pulls an energy field in that form where a circular energy field forms. That can used in a system that turns binary data into qubits. 

"Rendering of the butterfly by Hofstadter" Wikipedia/Hofstadter's butterfly

"Example of non-integer dimensions. The first four iterations of the Koch curve, where after each iteration, all original line segments are replaced with four, each a self-similar copy that is 1/3 the length of the original. One formalism of the Hausdorff dimension uses the scale factor (S = 3) and the number of self-similar objects (N = 4) to calculate the dimension, D, after the first iteration to be D = (log N)/(log S) = (log 4)/(log 3) ≈ 1.26." (Wikipedia,Hausdorff dimension)

What would somebody do with the information about overlap points and lines? 

Or, What is the minimum mass of dust that can cover the entire paper? 

Do you know what is the Hausdorff's dimension? That commons the term dimension, which means Hausdorff's dimension can calculated and determine how much some group or pattern fills in dimensions. Hausdorff's dimension is the same thing, without depending on space or dimension 2 or 3D. 

"Imagine an endless piece of blank paper covered with a smattering of lines pointing every which way. A gust of wind comes and sprinkles dust on top of the paper — in effect covering the lines with points. Say a helpful mathematician tells you how much dust covers any one line. Based on that one piece of information, can you figure out how much dust is there in total?" (BigThink.com/Mathematicians Cross the Line to Get to the Point)

Another way to ask that thing is, what is the minimum number of sand bites that can cover the entire area? And what is the minimum number of lines that can connect them? 

What would somebody do about information about the distances of the lines and points? Or sharper what would somebody do about information about the minimum number of lines that are connecting a certain number of points that are randomly at level? 

And in that case, those points don't form stable geometrical structures. That information is one of the mathematical problems, and it is important when particles that form a system communicate with each other using coherent communication tools like lasers. This is one of the things that the modern technology turns interesting. 

When researchers create smaller and smaller quantum-scale structures they must have something that moves objects. The line can symbolize a laser- or other energy beam, and the point could be a particle that the system moves. 

When we think about the material and its smallest particles, we face the situation that every single particle is in its ball. The truth is that the quantum field around the particle is not the ball. It is a structure that form changes when electrons are changing their place around the atoms. 

That is the thing that makes it hard to make precise calculations about quantum gravity and extremely small-scale interactions. And those interactions are the most important things in quantum-scale technology. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-mathematicians-guided-tour-through-high-dimensions-20210913/

https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-cross-the-line-to-get-to-the-point-20230925/

https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-graphite-reveals-a-quantum-surprise-scientists-discover-hofstadters-butterfly/?expand_article=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_dimension

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%27s_butterfly

Gravitational models that could revolutionize physics.

  Gravitational models that could revolutionize physics. 

There is a theory that gravitation interacts with dark matter by using the non-local model. That means the gravitation interaction happens through dark matter. The dark matter or especially "cold dark matter" forms the area there energy level is lower than outside it. 

And then quantum fields start to travel to that area. So gravitation is where quantum fields flow to the gravitational center. We can say that quantum fields are like rivers or whirls in water. And when they travel to the gravitational center they take particles with them. 

Theoretically, there are three types of material.

Hot dark matter

Visible material

Cold dark matter. 

The energy level of cold dark matter is lower than visible matter. Hot dark matter has an energy level higher than visible matter. In that model, the place of visible matter is between hot and cold dark matter. The cold dark matter is like "quantum ice". 

That means energy travels from visible matter to cold dark matter. Because cold dark matter is receiving part in that interaction, it is invisible to us. In energy models, energy travels from one particle to another until those particles reach the energy minimum. That term means that both particles reach the same energy level. The reason why visible matter and cold dark matter cannot reach energy minimum is that there is much more cold dark matter than visible matter. And that makes energy minimum impossible to get. 

The image above shows how plasma pulse forms. In that image, there is a black hole. But all plasma pulses are forming in the same way. The magnetic poles of the object pull anions and ions to them. And then behind that object, the electromagnetic forces, along with the gravitational field pull those particles together. 

The hot dark matter could be invisible for the same reason. The high energy, small-size particle pushes quantum strings past it. And then behind that particle those superstrings impact and that impact forms wave movement with extremely short wavelength. So that thing could be the source of dark energy. Or it could be one possible source of dark energy. 

Energy or wave movement flows to the cold dark matter, which could be material that formed after visible material. Hot dark matter would be material that formed before visible material. In that model, high-energy hot dark matter travels before the visible material. 

And now everybody asks "Why can't we not see hot dark matter"? The hot dark matter could be so high energy that it simply pushes radiation past it. The model is like in the plasma pulse. The radiation that hits the hot dark matter cannot reach that material because hot dark matter's energy level is too high and it pushes radiation past it. And if the radiation or superstrings will turn return together behind that particle that could explain dark energy. 

When those superstrings or extremely thin energy waves hit together back in the particle they form impact radiation with a very small wavelength. That thing could explain the dark energy. Or impacting superstrings can explain at least a small part of dark energy. 

There is the possibility that the strange particle is a key to other dimensions.

    

 There is the possibility that the strange particle is a key to other dimensions.

The hypothetical dark matter could be the source of dark energy and transforms visible material into dark matter. 

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The forms of theoretical dark matter

1) Hot dark matter could be the source of hot dark energy. Theoretically, this dark matter could be the matter that was released during the Big Bang.

2) Cold dark matter could be the source of cold dark energy. This could be the dark matter that is forming after the Big Bang. 

But the fact is that those things are purely theoretical. There are no observations of dark matter. So even if that thing is true. The order of releasing the dark matter can be different. Because there is no visible observation of the dark matter this entire text is theoretical.

The thing that a 40 kg electron can turn into a quantum-size black hole. Is causing another theory. The theory is that inside the proton and neutron is an extremely small particle or quantum size black hole. That thing causes that there is a small gate to the dimensions at that point. 

So the dark matter could be another state of the material. The idea of this kind of material is that visible and dark matter are the same things. The dark matter would be like an imaginary form of the dark matter. 

That means that the imaginary form of dark matter is similar to an imaginary number in mathematics. The different energy loads of the dark and visible material in the thing that makes them different sizes. And that difference makes them unable to interact with each other. 

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The theory of dark matter goes like this. Dark matter is in the form of material that sends radiation or wave movement. Which wavelength is different than the visible material sends. 

The theory of dark energy goes like this. It's the interaction or wave movement between dark particles of dark matter. The thing is that the key to the dark matter might be in the gravitational waves.

Or maybe the gravitational waves are close to the dark energy, which is one type of wave movement. The dark energy could also interact through the gravitational waves. 

The effect that turns the material to dark matter is the thing that is caused by energy asymmetry. That means that if the dark matter is more or less energetic than visible material. 

That causes the energy flow. To the lower energetic part of the material. And that thing causes that the size of those particles is changing. That thing causes that the wave movement. That those particles send is invisible to us. 

So the idea could be that the hot dark matter is dark matter that formed during the Big Bang. And cold dark matter could be dark matter that may be forming even today. The theory is that dark matter is forming also in the supernova explosions and near black holes. 

The energy load from those objects impacts straight to quarks. The power of quantum annealing of quarks is pushing those quarks away from the structure. So the dark energy would be energy that is transmitted straight from quarks. 

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Dark matter is the most dominating and fascinating thing in the universe. Over 75% of the material is not visible to us. And scientists are believing that this material cannot be seen either by human eyes or some instruments is something extraordinary. There is the possibility that the dark matter is even the gate to the fifth dimension. The idea of that theory is that dark matter is fermions. 

Those fermions would push to warped fifth dimension by some high energy load. The thing is that there is calculated that an electron is turning into a black hole. If its mass increases to 40 kg. The energy load that pushes fermions to the fifth element might be repeated all the time. And there is the theory that dark matter is forming near black holes and supernovas. 

When the extremely high energy load hits hadrons like protons. That energy load causes the quarks in that particle to start to anneal. That anneal is the electromagnetic radiation that can push those quarks away from each other. That thing destroys material and turns the quarks very high energetic. 

So the size of those particles is changing and the electromagnetic radiation those particles are sending gets a different frequency than other quarks. That means we just cannot see that material and it's turning dark. There is the theory that dark matter turns regular material into dark matter. 

The idea is that because there is no interaction between dark matter and visible material. In the place where dark matter particles are seemed to be a bubble. That bubble is called the "bubble of nothingness" because there is no quantum field. That can interact with other quantum fields. 

So the energy from the quantum fields of the particles quarks is starting to flow to those holes. And that thing can cause that the quarks are losing their mass. And their size turning smaller. 

But there is another way to think about this thing. If the dark matter is higher energetic material than visible matter. The gravitational interaction between dark and visible material causes that energy travels to the visible material. Because the source of that radiation is in the quarks or other fermions that are subatomic particles. That radiation is impossible to see by using the antennas that are formed of atoms or nuclei of atoms. 

If we want to see this type of radiation. That thing requires that we should form quark chains. In that case, the radiation can affect straight to quarks. And the system must "only" detect the position of the quarks or the radiation that they are sending. The problem is that the wavelength of the radiation which is coming from the quarks is so short that the interaction between the quark and things like protons and neutrons is impossible to detect. 

https://scitechdaily.com/black-holes-could-be-dark-matter-and-may-have-existed-since-the-beginning-of-the-universe/

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a35471480/dark-matter-fermion-portal-fifth-dimension/?utm_campaign=socialflowFBPOP&utm_medium=social-media&utm_source=facebook

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number

Why are we investigating the super heavy nuclear particles?

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/why-are-we-investigating-super-heavy.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/why-are-we-investigating-super-heavy.html