For the first time, researchers saw that a virus can infect another virus.

SciTechDaily describes the virus that infects another virus like this:

"It’s known that some viruses, called satellites, depend not only on their host organism to complete their life cycle, but also on another virus, known as a “helper,” explains Ivan Erill, professor of biological sciences. The satellite virus needs the helper either to build its capsid, a protective shell that encloses the virus’s genetic material or to help it replicate its DNA." (ScitechDaily.com/Scientists Shocked by First-Ever Observation of a Virus Latching Onto Another – “I Can’t Believe This”)

That means the satellite virus or virus phage requires another virus to make descendants. And that thing can be the first time when researchers see, that virus infects another virus. The satellite virus does not go into a "helper". But it rides with it into the cell. In this text, the satellite virus is called a sub-virus. An interesting thing is: how those satellite or sub-viruses selcts their "helpers" or "carriers".

"Researchers discovered a unique viral interaction where a satellite bacteriophage physically attaches to a helper bacteriophage. This groundbreaking finding, originating from what was initially thought to be a sequencing contamination, reveals a new type of viral relationship and suggests a long-term co-evolution between the two viruses".(ScitechDaily.com/Scientists Shocked by First-Ever Observation of a Virus Latching Onto Another – “I Can’t Believe This”) The question is: if the satellite virus separated from the "helper". How can it find that helper again?

"This colorized transmission electron microscope image shows a newly discovered satellite virus latched onto its helper virus. This research represents the first time scientists have observed one virus attached to another. Out of 50 observed helpers, 40 had a satellite bound. Bioinformatic analysis of the satellite and helper viruses’ genomes provides clues as to why the satellite may have evolved to attach to the helper, and suggests this pair may have been co-evolving for about 100 million years. Credit: Tagide deCarvalho" (ScitechDaily.com/Scientists Shocked by First-Ever Observation of a Virus Latching Onto Another – “I Can’t Believe This")

Theories about sub-viruses or viruses that can infect another virus are interesting to read. Those virus-infecting viruses can make it possible to create new medicals against viruses.

The idea is that the mechanism that makes those sub-viruses or virus phages aim nanomachines or nanotechnical medicals at the viruses and destroy their DNA. The nanomachine that can called intelligent antivirus medicine can be the capsule that homes the targeted viruses. Then that nanomachine releases an enzyme that destroys the DNA that the targeted virus carries.

The prime question is simple. How specific is that homing system that makes that virus phage search and infect another virus? And another interesting question is: can that ability extend to other antigens and viruses? If researchers can adjust that homing process, they can make the most powerful tool in nanotechnology than ever before.

The sub-viruses or virus phages have been only theoretical level until now. The virus that infects another virus can be a revolutionary observation. The system that makes the sub-virus homing to host-virus would be an interesting thing. And then the system that makes this mechanism interesting is that the viruses have no metabolism that sub-virus can use as a homing system. The sub-virus that infects another virus is the thing that can make a revolution in nanotechnology.

If researchers can extend that homing mechanism to nanomachine creation they can create the system that carries the nanomachine parts. And maybe those small carriers can be viruses that can search the objects that will not send chemical marks as cells. If researchers can adjust the molecules that make those viruses home to the wanted cells and expand that ability to all other proteins. That will make a revolution in medical- and nanomachine operations.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-shocked-by-first-ever-observation-of-a-virus-latching-onto-another-i-cant-believe-this/

The hydrogen-burning supernovas are interesting models.

"Researchers discovered a significant magnesium anomaly in a meteorite’s dust particle, challenging current astrophysical models and suggesting new insights into hydrogen-burning supernovas. (Artist’s concept.)Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rare Dust Particle From Ancient Extraterrestrial Meteorite Challenges Astrophysical Models) If the star is too heavy when its fusion reaction starts, it can detonate just at that moment, when its fusion starts. If the collapsing nebula is heavy enough, it can form a black hole straight from the nebula. But if the nebula's gravity is too heavy to form the blue giant or too small it can collapse straight into a black hole . If the forming star is a little bit larger than the blue supergiants. It can explode immediately when the fusion starts. The theory of hydrogen-burning supernovas consists model of the giant stars that explode immediately after their fusion starts. When the...

The ancient galaxy mirrors the Milky Way.

"This image shows the galaxy REBELS-25 as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), overlaid on an infrared image of other stars and galaxies. The infrared image was taken by ESO’s Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA). In a recent study, researchers found evidence that REBELS-25 is a strongly rotating disc galaxy existing only 700 million years after the Big Bang. This makes it the most distant and earliest known Milky Way-like galaxy found to date. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/L. Rowland et al./ESO/J. Dunlop et al. Ack.: CASU, CALET" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Baffled by Ancient Galaxy That Mirrors Modern Milky Way) Researchers found the youngest Milky Way-type galaxy. The distance to the galaxy is enormous. And the light that comes from that galaxy named REBELS-25 comes from the Universe that is only 700 million years old. The distance to that galaxy is enormous about 236 billion light years. And that means it's a very dista...

Transcendence, or the ability to transcendent thinking may grow in teen's brains.

"New research has discovered that transcendent thinking, which involves analyzing the broader implications of situations, can foster brain growth in adolescents. This form of thinking enhances brain network coordination, impacting developmental milestones and future life satisfaction. The study emphasizes the need for education that encourages deep, reflective thought, underscoring the critical role of adolescents in their own brain development". (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover That “Transcendent” Thinking May Grow Teens’ Brains) "Scientists at USC Rossier School of Education’s Center for Affective Neuroscience, Development, Learning and Education (CANDLE) have discovered that adolescents who grapple with the bigger meaning of social situations experience greater brain growth, which predicts stronger identity development and life satisfaction years later". (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover That “Transcendent” Thinking May Grow Teens’ Brains) The transcendenc...

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