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The JWST and Hubble made observations that caused discussions about Hubble's constant.

The Cosmic gamma ray background




The cosmic expansion is not what it should be. The thing. What makes this thing interesting is that cosmic expansion seems not to be a fully symmetrical ball. There are differences in measurements depending on the object used for the measurements. Telescopes use cepheid variable stars to measure the distance to the most distant galaxies. The Hubble has problems separating cepheid stars from other stars in the longest distances. 

The JWST telescope finds those distant cepheids. And that gives an interesting point of view for astronomers and cosmologists. The most distant galaxies also involve cepheid stars. And that tells us that cepheids formed earlier than expected.

The distant Cepheid stars are things that should not be. There could be one reason why the cepheids should not exist. The light can, of course, travel in cosmic tornadoes or wormholes. But that thing cannot explain those cepheids in the young universe. 

When we think about those observations. It's possible. Cosmologists can estimate the geometrical shape of the universe wrong. Could the universe be some kind of cylinder? Or a cigar, or maybe an egg-shaped structure? That means the universe is not necessarily symmetrical. So is it possible that the Big Bang was not symmetrical? 


Cosmologists think that the universe has three possible shapes. 





The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

Only if Ω > 1 means the universe is closed. And only in that case, the universe can fall in the big crunch. Otherwise, the ultimate end of the universe is the big silence. But there may be multiple internal shapes in the universe. That means that thing what we call the universe is only part of the bigger entirety. 

It is also possible that the shape of the universe is not stable. Gravity along with visible and dark energy changes that shape. When stars use their energy sources the energy level in the universe changes. That affects the energy-gravity symmetry. And that symmetry affects the shape of the material. 

Those three possible shapes do not make a difference, between local or global forms. If the universe looks like a cigar or sphere, the small bite (or small sector) of its sphere can look like hyperbolic. The cylinder-shape universe can be a 3D flat structure. The cylinder in which both ends are flat can mean the tube- or cylinder-shaped universe can act as the flat universe. 

If the universe is cylinder-shaped. It can formed in a superstring. That model is less well-known than the regular Big Bang theory. But it's interesting. And it can explain those distant Cepheid stars.  

The cylinder or cigar-shaped universe could explain the gamma-ray line in the center of the gamma-ray background. In that model, both ends of the universe can have different poles. And that causes high-energy particles to flow through the universe. 

But the observations about the distant Cepheids can give an idea that seems crazy. Could those distant galaxies form at a different time than our galaxy? The distance to those galaxies is enormous. And light travels from them to Earth for billions of years. That means we see those galaxies are in the past. But they seem the same as our galaxy. That gives the idea that the universe can be egg-shaped or in some other versions the universe could be a cigar or cylinder shape. 

This thing means that the Big Bang was not symmetrical. Maybe the eruption looked like the situation when water filled the submarine. The lower energy wave movement is impacted by higher energy wave movement. And that thing makes it possible that the disturbance or turbulence formed the first particles. 


https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1ddd


https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-hubble-telescopes-affirm-universes-expansion-rate-puzzle-persists/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-torus


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheid_variable


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_space


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_extragalactic_background_radiation


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpyrotic_universe


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

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